Emerging Antineoplastic Biogenic Gold Nanomaterials for Breast Cancer Therapeutics: A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Table 1 The Results of Anticancer Activity of Biosynthesized AuNPs Against Breast Cancer Cells

Biological Source	Characterization	Size (nm)/Morphology	Cancer Cell Line	Healthy Cell Line	Dose	Exposure Time	Assay	Cytotoxicity Data	Ref.
Plant/Anacardium occidentale	UV–Vis, TEM, DLS, FT-IR, XRD, EDX	10-30/Spherical	MCF-7	PBMC	10 ng/mL −100 µg/mL for MCF-7; 10 ng/mL −600< µg/mL for PBMC	24 h	MTT	IC50: 6 µg/mL against MCF-7; IC50: 600 µg/mL against PBMC	^Citation47
Alga/Dunaliella salina	UV–Vis, TEM, XRD, SAED, XPS, FT-IR	Average: 22.4/Nearly spherical	MCF-7	MCF-10A	25-200 µg/mL	24, 48 h	MTT	IC50: <50 µg/mL against MCF-7 after 48 h; IC50: 200< µg/mL against MCF-10A after 48 h. No IC50 was found at 200 µg/mL against both cell lines after 24 h.	^Citation48
Plant/Citrus macroptera	UV–Vis, TEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, SAED	Average: 20/Predominantly pseudo-spherical	MDA-MB 468	0	30-300 ng/mL	No data	MTT	IC50: 157.9 ng/mL	^Citation49
Bacterium/Streptomyces griseus	UV–Vis, TEM, FT-IR	19-28/Hexagonal	MCF-7	0	3.9–500 µg/Well	24 h	MTT	IC50: 46.6 µg/Well	^Citation50
Plant/Dragon fruit from the genus of Hylocereus	UV–Vis, TEM, XRD	10-20/Spherical, oval and triangular	MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231	L929	10-500 µg/mL	24, 48h	alamarBlue^®	IC50: 500< µg/mL against L929 after 24 and 48 h; IC50: ~500 µg/mL against MCF-7 after 24h; IC50: <250 µg/mL against MCF-7 after 48h; No cytotoxicity was found against MDA-MB-231 after 24 and 48 h.	^Citation51
Plant/Lycium chinense	UV–Vis, TEM, EDX, DLS, XRD, SAED, FT-IR	20-100/Mostly spherical	MCF-7	RAW264.7	1-100 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation52
Plant/ a) Aegle marmelos b) Eugenia jambolana c) soursop	UV–Vis, TEM, SAED, EDX, FT-IR	a) Average: 18/Nearly spherical b) Average: 16/Nearly spherical c) Average: 28/Nearly spherical	MCF-7	0	20-120 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	a) IC50: 172±4 µg/mL b) IC50: 163±4 µg/mL c) IC50: 98±4 µg/mL	^Citation53
Plant/Amomum villosum	UV–Vis, FE-TEM, DLS, SAED, EDX, FT-IR	5-10/Spherical	MCF-7	RAW264.7	1-100 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation54
Plant/Linum usitatissimum	UV–Vis, TEM, SEM, XRD,	20-60/Semi‐spherical	MDA-MB-231	Vero	1-5 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	IC50: 1.67 µg/mL against MDA‐MB‐231; IC50: 4.85 µg/mL against Vero	^Citation55
Plant/Mangifera indica L.	UV–Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, FT-IR, XRD	20-25/Spherical	0	MCF-10A	0-100 µmol/L	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation56
Plant/Lotus leguminosae	UV–Vis, TEM, IR, TGA	Average: 37/Almost spherical	MCF-7	0	31.25–1000 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	AuNPs exhibited mild to low cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells at higher concentrations.	^Citation57
Plant/Chaenomeles sinensis	UV–Vis, FE-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SAED, DLS	Average: 40/Spherical	MCF-7	RAW264.7	1-50 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity was found against RAW264.7 and low toxicity was fond against MCF-7 at 50 µg/mL.	^Citation58
Bacterium/Deinococcus radiodurans ATCC13939	UV-Vis, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, DLS, XPS	Average: 51.7±7.38/Spherical	0	MCF-10A	2.5–25 μg/mL	48 h	MTS	No cytotoxicity	^Citation59
Plant/Backhousia citriodora	UV-Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, SAED, FT-IR	Average: 8.4/Spherical	MCF-7	HDF-7	50-1000 µg	24 h	MTT	IC50: 116.65 µg against MCF-7; IC50:612 µg against HDF-7.	^Citation60
Bacterium/Micrococcus yunnanensis strain J2	UV-Vis, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, FT-IR	Average: 53.8/Spherical	MCF-7	3T3 and Vero	3.12–500 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	IC50: 105.3±1.7 µg/mL against MCF-7; No cytotoxicity was found against 3T3 and Vero at 500 µg/mL	^Citation61
Plant/Corchorus olitorius	UV-Vis, TEM, XRD, TGA, FT-IR	Average: 37-50/Quasi-spherical	MCF-7	0	1.56–50 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	IC50: 11.2 µg/mL	^Citation62
Plant/Glycyrrhiza uralensis	UV-Vis, FE-TEM, SAED, XRD, EDX, DLS, FT-IR	10–15/Spherical	MCF-7	RAW264.7	1-50 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation63
Alga/Carrageenan oligosaccharide derived from marine red alga	UV-Vis, HR-TEM, SEM, XRD, FT-IR	Average: 35±8/Ellipsoidal	MDA-MB-231	0	12.5–400 µg/mL	72 h	Sulforhodamine B	IC50: 129.2±1.7 µg/mL	^Citation64
Plant/Nigella arvensis	UV–Vis, XRD, FT-IR, TEM	3–37/Almost spherical	MCF-7	0	10-100 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	IC50: ~25 µg/mL	^Citation65
Plant/Nerium oleander	UV–Vis, HR-TEM, DLS, EDX, XRD	20-40/Spherical	MCF-7	Human normal lymphocytes	10-200 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	IC50: 74.04 µg/mL against MCF-7; No cytotoxicity was found against human normal lymphocytes	^Citation66
Plant/Dipturus chilensis	UV–Vis, HR-XRD, HR-TEM, DLS	Average: 16.7±0.2/Spherical	MDA-MB-231	0	4-126 µg/mL	24 h	WST	IC50: ~32 µg/mL	^Citation67
Plant/Cibotium barometz	UV–Vis, FE-TEM, EDX, SAED, XRD, DLS, FT-IR	Average: 6/Spherical	MCF-7	RAW264.7	0.01–10 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation68
Fungus/Ganoderma lucidum	UV–Vis, HR-TEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR	2-100/Spherical, hexagonal, and triangular	MCF-7	0	No data	48 h	MTT	The IC50 of AuNPs conjugated with doxorubicin (Doxorubicin concentrations: 6.25–300 µmol/L) was found at 50 μM, while the IC50 of doxorubicin was at 400 µmol/L.	^Citation69
Plant/Areca catechu	UV–Vis, TEM, XRD, FT-IR	Average: 10/Spherical	MCF-7	0	12.5–200 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	No IC50 was found at 200 µg/mL. At 100 µg/mL, 73.46% and at 200 µg/mL, 57.07% cell viability were found.	^Citation70
Plant/Embelia ribes	UV–Vis, DLS, HR-TEM, FT-IR, XRD	10–30/Spherical	MCF-7	0	10–100 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	IC50: 40 µg/mL	^Citation71
Plant/Mukia maderaspatna	UV–Vis, HR-TEM, EDX	20–50/Spherical, triangle and hexagonal	MCF-7	0	1–100 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	IC50: 44.8 µg/mL	^Citation72
Plant/Mentha piperita	UV–Vis, DLS, TEM, FE-SEM, FT-IR	Average: ~78/Hexagon	MDA-MB-231	3T3-L1	18.75–300 μg/mL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity was found against 3T3-L1 at 300 µg/mL. Besides, AuNPs exhibited around 40%, 70%, and 90% cytotoxicity at 37.5, 75, and 300 µg/mL, respectively against MDA-MB-231.	^Citation73
Plant/Mimosa pudica	UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, HR-TEM	Average: 12.5/Spherical	MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7	HMEC	2-10 µg/mL	24, 48 h	MTT	IC50: 6 µg/mL against MCF-7 after 48h; IC50: 4 µg/mL against MDA-MB-231 after 48h; No IC50 was found after 24h against both cancer cell lines; No cytotoxicity was found against HMEC at 10–80 µg/mL after 24 and 48 h.	^Citation74
Plant/Musa paradisiaca	UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, HR-TEM, SAED, EDX, AFM	Average: 8/Predominantly spherical	MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7	0	2-10 µg/mL	24, 48 h	MTT	IC50: ~8 µg/mL against MCF-7 after 48h; IC50: ~2 µg/mL against MDA-MB-231 after 48h; No IC50 was found after 24h against both cancer cell lines	^Citation75
Plant/ a) Carica papaya b) Catharanthus roseus	UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, HR-TEM, SEM	2-20/Mostly spherical	MCF-7	3T3	10-250 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	AuNPs synthesized from C. papaya showed IC50 around 100 µg/mL against MCF-7; AuNPs synthesized from C. roseus showed IC50 around 150 µg/mL against MCF-7; AuNPs synthesized from combination of C. papaya and C. roseus showed IC50 less 100 µg/mL against MCF-7; AuNPs synthesized using C. papaya, C. roseus and combination of these plants did not show cytotoxicity against 3T3 at 250 µg/mL.	^Citation76
alga/Sargassum incisifolium	UV-Vis, TEM, XRD, EDX, DLS	Average size for AR-AuNPs: 66.13±58.30/Triangles, spheres and hexagons; Average size for AC-AuNPs: 5.35±3.13/Spherical	MCF-7	MCF-12a	1.39 and 4.17 mmol/L	24 h	MTT	AR-AuNPs and AC-AuNPs exhibited no cytotoxicity at 1.39mmol/L, but showed cytotoxicity at 4.17mmol/L with cell viability between 40-50% against MCF-7. Besides, AC-AuNPs did not show any cytotoxicity against MCF-12a, while AR-AuNPs showed low cytotoxicity against MCF-12a.	^Citation77
Plant/Limonia acidissima L.	UV-Vis, HR-TEM, FT-IR, SAED, EDX, DLS	Average size of AuNPs conjugated to epirubicin and folic acid: 139±3/Nearly spherical	MCF-7	0	No data	48 h	MTT	The AuNPs were conjugated to epirubicin (Epirubicin concentrations: 0–30 µg/mL) and folic acid. The IC50 of this complex was found at 2 µg/mL, while the IC50 of epirubicin was found at 28 µg/mL.	^Citation78
Plant/Euphoria longana Lam.	HR-TEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR	Average: 25/Spherical	MCF-7	0	6.25–100 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	IC50: <6.25 µg/mL	^Citation79
Plant/Taxus baccata (The aqueous and ethanolic T. baccata extracts were used separately for synthesis of AuNPs)	UV-Vis, TEM, SEM, AFM, DLS, EDX, FT-IR	Less than 20/Spherical, semispherical, hexagonal and triangular	MCF-7	Normal fibroblast cells	2-20 µg/mL	24, 48, 72 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity was found against normal fibroblast cells; At 20 µg/mL of ethanolic and aqueous synthesized AuNPs after 72 h, 92 and 80% cytotoxicity were found against MCF-7, while less cytotoxicity were found after 24 h.	^Citation80
Plant/Cassia roxburghii	UV-Vis, HR-TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR	25-35/Predominantly spherical	MCF-7	Vero	5-100 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	IC50: ~75 µg/mL against Vero; IC50: 50 µg/mL against MCF-7.	^Citation81
Plant/Mappia foetida	UV-Vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD	10-20/Spherical	MDA-MB-231	0	10-50 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	IC50: 60 µg/mL against Vero; IC50: 50 µg/mL against MDA-MB-231	^Citation82
Plant/Cassia auriculata	UV-Vis, TEM, XRD, FT-IR	Average: 21/Spherical	MDA-MB	0	10-30 µg/mL	4 h	MTT	IC50: 10 µg/mL	^Citation83
Plant/Camellia sinensis (green tea)	UV-Vis, AFM, DLS	24-45/Spherical	MCF-7	0	2 and 20 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	At concentrations of 2 and 20 µg/mL of AuNPs, 30 and 40% cytotoxicity were found.	^Citation84
Fungus/Inonotus obliquus	UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, TEM, SAED, AFM, XRD	11.0–37.7/Spherical, triangular and rod	MCF-7	0	10-100 µL from the stock of 1mmol/L	24 h	WST	At concentrations of 10 and 100 µL of AuNPs, 8.6 and 61.2% cytotoxicity were found.	^Citation85
Plant/Antigonon leptopus	UV-Vis, HR-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, SAED, EDX	13-28/Nearly spherical and few triangular	MCF-7	0	31.25–1000 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	IC50: 257.8 µg/mL	^Citation86
Plant/Argemone mexicana L.	UV-Vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM	Average: 26±5/Spherical	MCF-7	0	6.25–100 µg/mL	24, 48 h	MTT	At concentrations of 100 µg/mL of AuNPs, around 80 and 97% cytotoxicity were found after 24 and 48 h.	^Citation87
Bacterium/Bacillus flexus	UV-Vis, XRD, EDX, XPS, SAED, FT-IR, TEM	Average: 20/Nearly spherical	MCF-7	0	10–200 mmol/L	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation88
Plant/Curcuma pseudomontana	UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM, HR-TEM	Average: 20/	T47D	L929	25-150 µL	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation89
Plant/Acalypha indica Linn	UV–Vis, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD	Less than 30/Spherical	MDA-MB-231	0	1-100 µg/mL	48 h	MTT	At concentrations of 100 µg/mL, AuNPs showed 40% cytotoxicity.	^Citation90
Fungus/Ganoderma spp.	UV-Vis, TEM, XRD, EDX, DLS, FT-IR	Average: 20/Spherical	MDA-MB-231	0	10-100 µmol/L	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation91
Plant/Theobromo cacao (cocoa)	UV-Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, DLS, FT-IR	150-200/Spherical and triangular	MDA-MB-231	L929 and NIH-3T3	5−200 μg/mL	24 h	alamarBlue^®	No cytotoxicity	^Citation92
Plant/Punica granutum	UV-Vis, FT-IR, TEM, DLS	Average: 70.90±8.42/Nearly spherical	MCF-7	0	No data	24 h	MTT	The AuNPs were conjugated to 5-Fu and folic acid. The IC50 of this complex was found at 250 ng/mL (concentration of 5-Fu), while the IC50 of 5-Fu was found at 1000 ng/mL.	^Citation93
Fungus/Pleurotus florida	UV-Vis, TEM, FE-SEM, AFM, XRD, EDX, FT-IR	10-50/Spherical and triangular	MDA-MB	Vero	No data	72 h	MTT	IC50: 55.3±2.74 µg/mL against Vero; IC50: 39.1±3.17 µg/mL against MDA-MB	^Citation94
Plant/Piper betle	UV-Vis, HR-TEM, SAED, XRD, EDX, FT-IR	10-35/Different shapes including spherical, triangular, etc	MCF-7	0	10-100 µmol/L	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation95
Plant/Eclipta Alba	UV-Vis, TEM, SAED, XRD, XPS, DLS, FT-IR	5-200/Spherical, hexagonal, triangular,	MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231	0	11.4–114.2 µmol/L	48 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation96
Plant/Fagopyrum esculentum	UV-Vis, HR-TEM, SAED, XRD, EDX, FT-IR	Average: 8.3/Spherical, hexagonal and triangular	MCF-7	0	10-100 µmol/L	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation97
Plant/Vites vinefera	UV-Vis, SEM, TEM	20–45/Spherical	0	HBL-100	10-150 µg/mL	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation98
Plant/Camellia sinensis (tea)	UV-Vis, TEM, DLS	15-45/Spherical	MCF-7	0	10-150 μmol/L	24 h	MTT	No cytotoxicity	^Citation99

Figure 1 The PRISMA flowchart used in this study.

Figure 2 Schematic visualization of reduction and stabilization of AuNPs using different natural sources. (A) Schematic visualization of reduction and stabilization of AuNPs using different fruit extracts. Reprinted from J Saudi Chem Soc. Vol 23. Vijayakumar S. Eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using fruit extracts and in vitro anticancer studies, pages 753-761, Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.⁵³ (B) Synthetic outline for the isolation of mangiferin and synthesis of AuNPs. Reprinted from Mater Sc Eng C. Vol 90. Patra N, Dehury N, Pal A, Behera A, Patra S. Preparation and mechanistic aspect of natural xanthone functionalized gold nanoparticle, pages 439–445, Copyright 2018, with permission from Elsevier.⁵⁶ (C) Biosynthesis of AuNPs from Dragon fruit extract (DF extract) can be considered as an eco-friendly alternative for synthesis of AuNPs. Reprinted from Mater Lett. Vol 236. Divakaran D, Lakkakula JR, Thakur M, Kumawat MK, Srivastava R. Dragon fruit extract capped gold nanoparticles: synthesis and their differential cytotoxicity effect on breast cancer cells, pages 498–502, Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.⁵¹ (D) One pot green synthesize of AuNPs were achieved using the leaf extracts of Carica papaya (CP) and Catharanthus roseus (CR) and the combination of these two extracts (CPCRM). Reprinted from Process Biochem. Vol 51. Muthukumar T, Sudhakumari SB, Aravinthan A, Sastry TP, Kim JH. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their enhanced synergistic antitumor activity using HepG2 and MCF7 cells and its antibacterial effects, pages 384–391, Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier.⁷⁶ (E) Pectin, an anionic polysaccharide isolated from Musa paradisiaca is employed for the synthesis of AuNPs at ambient temperature conditions. Reprinted from Int J Biol Macromol. Vol 93. Suganya KSU, Govindaraju K, Kumar VG, Karthick V, Parthasarathy K. Pectin mediated gold nanoparticles induces apoptosisin mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines, pages 1030–1040, Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier.⁷⁵ (F) Green synthesis of AuNPs from Anacardium occidental leaves extract. The colour change from gold to ruby red indicates the formation of AuNPs. Reprinted from Saudi J Biol Sci. Vol 26. Sunderam V, Thiyagarajan D, Lawrence AV, Mohammed SSS, Selvaraj A. In-vitro antimicrobial and anticancer properties ofgreen synthesized gold nanoparticles using Anacardium occidentale leaves extract, pages 455–459, Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.⁴⁷

Figure 3 Schematic illustration of AuNPs for drug delivery systems. (A) Schematic illustration of hybrid AuNP coated by DNA, followed by the loading of positively charged drugs and then PEGylation for combination therapy of cancer. Reprinted from J Controlled Release. Vol 219. He C, Lu J, Lin W. Hybrid nanoparticles for combination therapy of cancer, pages 224–236, Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier.¹⁰⁰ (B) Schematic illustration of different applications of AuNPs in diagnosis and therapy. AuNPs are used in a variety of contexts such as: photo thermal therapy, targeting, drug delivery, imaging, nucleic acid delivery, toxin and microbial agent removal and as an adjuvant. Reprinted from Adv Drug Delivery Rev. Vol 60. Ghosh P, Han G, De M, Kim CK, Rotello VM. Gold nanoparticles in delivery applications, pages 1307-15, Copyright 2008, with permission from Elsevier.¹⁰¹ (C) Schematic representation of synthesis of biogenic AuNPs and subsequent conjugation of doxorubicin. Biodegradable doxorubicin-loaded biogenic AuNPs complexes can be easily fragmented to release doxorubicin from AuNPs. Diffusion and accumulation of doxorubicin into cell nucleus could be achievable regardless of the size of AuNP used. Reprinted from Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. Vol 135. Seo JM, Kim EB, Hyun MS, Kim BB, Park TJ. Self-assembly of biogenic gold nanoparticles and their use to enhance drug delivery into cells, pages 27–34, Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier.¹⁰² (D) Schematic diagram of epirubicin-loaded marine carrageenan oligosaccharide capped AuNPs for anticancer drug (epirubicin) delivery to combat cancer cells. Reprinted from Sci Rep. Vol 9. Chen X, Han W, Zhao X, Tang W, Wang F. Epirubicin-loaded marine carrageenan oligosaccharide capped gold nanoparticle system for pH-triggered anticancer drug release, pages 6754, Copyright 2019, Under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, Springer Nature.¹⁰³

Figure 4 Schematic anti-cancer mechanism of AuNPs to combat breast cancer.

Figure 5 Hurdles and challenges of scientists before biogenic AuNPs enter clinical trials to combat breast cancer.

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