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Original Research

Preparation of hippurate-zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid and its synergistic effect with tamoxifen on HepG2 cell lines

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Pages 3099-3111 | Published online: 01 Dec 2011

Figures & data

Figure 1 Powder x-ray diffraction patterns of (A) ZnO, (B) HAN, and (C) HA.

Abbreviations: ZnO, zinc oxide; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; HA, hippuric acid.

Figure 1 Powder x-ray diffraction patterns of (A) ZnO, (B) HAN, and (C) HA.Abbreviations: ZnO, zinc oxide; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; HA, hippuric acid.

Figure 2 Molecular structure of HA and three-dimensional molecular size of (A) HA and (B) spatial orientation of hippuric acid in ZLH inorganic interlayers.

Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; ZLH, zinc layered hydroxide.

Figure 2 Molecular structure of HA and three-dimensional molecular size of (A) HA and (B) spatial orientation of hippuric acid in ZLH inorganic interlayers.Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; ZLH, zinc layered hydroxide.

Table 1 Fourier transform infrared assignments for HA and HAN25,27,30,31

Figure 3 Fourier transform infrared spectra of (A) HA and (B) HAN.

Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 3 Fourier transform infrared spectra of (A) HA and (B) HAN.Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 4 Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses of (A) HA and (B) HAN.

Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 4 Thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses of (A) HA and (B) HAN.Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Table 2 Physicochemical properties of ZnO and HAN

Figure 5 Solid-state ultraviolet-visible spectra of (A) pure HA and its nanohybrid, HAN and (B) a Kubelka-Munk plot of HA, HAN, and ZnO.

Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZnO, zinc oxide.

Figure 5 Solid-state ultraviolet-visible spectra of (A) pure HA and its nanohybrid, HAN and (B) a Kubelka-Munk plot of HA, HAN, and ZnO.Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZnO, zinc oxide.

Figure 6 (A) Adsorption-desorption isotherms and (B) BJH pore size distribution for HAN and ZnO.

Abbreviations: BJH, Barret-Joyner-Halenda; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZnO, zinc oxide.

Figure 6 (A) Adsorption-desorption isotherms and (B) BJH pore size distribution for HAN and ZnO.Abbreviations: BJH, Barret-Joyner-Halenda; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZnO, zinc oxide.

Figure 7 Field emission scanning electron microscopic images of (A) ZnO with 50,000× magnification, (B) HAN with 25,000× magnification and (C) HAN at higher magnification 50,000×.

Abbreviations: ZnO, zinc oxide; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 7 Field emission scanning electron microscopic images of (A) ZnO with 50,000× magnification, (B) HAN with 25,000× magnification and (C) HAN at higher magnification 50,000×.Abbreviations: ZnO, zinc oxide; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 8 Release profiles of HA from the HAN into (A) phosphate-buffered solution at pH 4.8 and (B) pH 7.4 and in (C) aqueous solution containing 0.08 M Na2CO3. Inset shows release profiles of physical mixture of HA with ZLH into phosphate-buffered solution at (D) pH 4.8 and (E) pH 7.4 and (F) aqueous solution of Na2CO3.

Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZLH, zinc- layered hydroxide.

Figure 8 Release profiles of HA from the HAN into (A) phosphate-buffered solution at pH 4.8 and (B) pH 7.4 and in (C) aqueous solution containing 0.08 M Na2CO3. Inset shows release profiles of physical mixture of HA with ZLH into phosphate-buffered solution at (D) pH 4.8 and (E) pH 7.4 and (F) aqueous solution of Na2CO3.Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZLH, zinc- layered hydroxide.

Table 3 Correlation coefficient (r2), rate constant (K), and half-time (t1/2) obtained by fitting the data of the release of HA from HAN into 0.08 M Na2CO3 and in phosphate-buffered solution at pH 7.4 and pH 4.8

Figure 9 Fitting of the data for HA release from HAN into various solutions to the first-order, pseudo-second order kinetics and the Bhaskar equation for 0.08 M Na2CO3 (A and B), pH 7.4 (C, D, and G) and pH 4.8 (E, F, and H).

Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 9 Fitting of the data for HA release from HAN into various solutions to the first-order, pseudo-second order kinetics and the Bhaskar equation for 0.08 M Na2CO3 (A and B), pH 7.4 (C, D, and G) and pH 4.8 (E, F, and H).Abbreviations: HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 10 MTT assays of HepG2 cells after 72 hours of treatment with combination of tamoxifen with HA (B), HAN (C), and ZLH (D). Inset shows MTT for free tamoxifen (A).

Abbreviations: Tam, tamoxifen; HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZLH, zinc-layered hydroxide.

Figure 10 MTT assays of HepG2 cells after 72 hours of treatment with combination of tamoxifen with HA (B), HAN (C), and ZLH (D). Inset shows MTT for free tamoxifen (A).Abbreviations: Tam, tamoxifen; HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid; ZLH, zinc-layered hydroxide.

Table 4 Untreated HepG2 cells during incubation with tamoxifen alone, and combination of tamoxifen with HA, HAN, and ZLH

Table 5 Antiproliferative assay of HepG2 cells after 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment with free tamoxifen and combination of tamoxifen with HA and with HAN

Figure 11 Antiproliferative assay of HepG2 cells after, 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment with free tamoxifen and combination of tamoxifen with HA and with HAN.

Abbreviations: Tam, tamoxifen; HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.

Figure 11 Antiproliferative assay of HepG2 cells after, 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment with free tamoxifen and combination of tamoxifen with HA and with HAN.Abbreviations: Tam, tamoxifen; HA, hippuric acid; HAN, hippuric acid nanohybrid.