Green Synthesis of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) and Their Antimicrobial Applications: A Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 General applications of CeO₂ nanoparticles.

Figure 2 Biosynthesis: Reduction, stabilization and characterization of CeO₂ nanoparticles.

Table 1 CeO₂ Nanoparticles Made from Various Plants Species

S.NO	Plant Name	Part	Characterization	Shape	Size (nm)	FT-IR Group	Ref
1.	Gloriosa superba	Leaf	XRD, XPS, TEM, FT-IR & UV- vis	Spherical	5	O-H, Ce-OH, H-O-H & O-C-O	[^Citation37]
2.	Hibiscus sabdariffa	Flower	HRTEM, SEM, XRD, XPS, EDS, FT-IR		3.9	Ce-OH	[^Citation30]
3.	Olive	Leaf	SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA	Spherical	6	C-O, O-H & H-H	[^Citation26]
4.	Oleo Europaea	Leaf	XRD, SEM, TEM, UV- Vis, FT-IR, TGA	Spherical	24	O-H, C-H & N-O	[^Citation16]
5.	Prosopis jujliflora	Leaf	UV-vis, PSA, FT-IR, XRD, XPS & HRTEMRTE	Spherical	15	O-H & Ce-O	[^Citation11]
6.	Salvia macrosiphon Boiss	Seed	XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, FESEM & TGA	Spherical	~47	Ce-O, O-Ce-O, C-H & C=O	[^Citation22]
7.	Acalypha indica	Leaf	XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS & FT-IR	Spherical	25–30	O-H, Ce-OH & Ce-O-Ce	[^Citation13]
8.	Aloe barbadensis	Leaf	XRD, TEM, FT-IR & PSA	Spherical	63.6	–C-H-, C=O, -C-H-, C-F, =C-H & C-Cl	[^Citation38]
9.	Aloe vera	Leaf	FT-IR, XPS, HR-TEM	Spherical	2–3	–C-H, –C-C	[^Citation19]
10.	Rubia cordifolia	Leaf	UV- Vis, XRD, XPS, SEM, FT-IR, EDAX	Hexagonal	26	O-H & Ce-O	[^Citation33]
11.	Prosopis farcta	Aerial	UV–Vis, PXRD, TEM, FESEM, FT-IR	Spherical	30	O-H, Ce-O and N=O	[^Citation58]
12.	China rose	Petal	FESEM, FETEM, AFM, XRD & XPS	Nano-sheet	7	_	[^Citation39]
13.	Centella asiatica	–	UV-vis, DLS, SEM, HRTEM & EDS	Spherical	8	_	[^Citation59]
14.	Walnut	Shell	XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS & FT-IR	Spherical	9–12	Ce-O and O-H	[^Citation60]
15.	Azadirachta Indica	Leaf	UV-Vis, XRD, XPS, FESEM, TEM, HRTEM, EDS, UV-DRS & FT-IR	Spherical	10–15	Ce-O-C, O-H, C-H	[^Citation61]
16.	Euphorbia tirucalli	Stem	PXRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR & PL	Flaky	37–40	-OH, -COO- and C-H	[^Citation28]
17.	Lemon grass	Grass	XRD, PL, TEM & SAED	–	10–40	_	[^Citation62]
18.	Leucas aspera	Leaf	PXRD, SEM, UV-vis, TEM, SAED	Microsphere	4–13	_	[^Citation63]
19.	Petroselinum crispum		UV-vis, IR-, XRD, SEM, TEM	Spherical	50–15	_	[^Citation14]
20.	Moringa oleifera	Peel	UV- Vis, FT-IR, XRD & HRTEM	Spherical	45	Ce-O & Ce-O-Ce	[^Citation36]
21.	Watermelon	Fruit juice	PXRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis & SEM	Irregular	36	Ce-O, C=O, C-O, C-H & O-H	[^Citation64]
22.	Carrageenan	-	PXRD, FT-IR, FESEM, UV–Vis, and TGA/DTA	Spherical	34	–SO3-, Ce-O, H-O-H & C–O	[^Citation27]
23.	Ceratonia siliqua	Leaf	XRD, FESEM, TEM & FT-IR	Spherical	22	_	[^Citation57]
24.	Stevia rebaudiana	-	XRD, FESEM, EDS, VSM	Spherical	8–10	_	[^Citation65]
25.	Salvadora persica		PXRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis, TEM, FESEM, EDS	Spherical	10–15	0-H, C-H, C=C, Ce-O & C-O C	[^Citation20]
26.	Morus nigra	Fruit	TEM, XRD & UV-Vis	Irregular	~ 7.5	_	[^Citation35]
27.	Annona muricata	Fruit	XRD, FT-IR, UV-DRS, FESEM	_	_	_	[^Citation50]
28.	Justicia adhatoda	Leaf	XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR & UV-DRS	Stick-like	20–25	-OH, C-H, C=O, N=O, C=C, C-O & C-N-C	[^Citation17]
29.	Jatropha curcus	Leaf	XRD, TEM & UV-Vis	Monodispersed	3 −5	_	[^Citation10]
30.	Origanum majorana	Leaf	TEM, FESEM, XRD & FT-IR	Spherical	20	O-H, C-H & C=O	[^Citation18]
31.	Pedalium murex	Leaf	XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, SEM	Nano-rod	5–55	O-H, C-H, C-O, C=O, C=N, C-N & Ce-O	[^Citation32]
32.	Elaeagnus angustifolia	Leaf	XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR	Spherical	30–75	C-H & C=O	[^Citation29]
33.	Euphorbia amygdaloides		TEM, SEM, XRD & UV-vis	Spherical	42	–	[^Citation31]
34.	Orange	Peel	XRD, TEM, FT-IR & UV-vis	Cubic structure	20–25	C-O-H or C-O-R	[^Citation34]
35.	Piper betle	Leaf	XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, XPS & TEM	–	-	N-H, N-O & C-N	[^Citation66]

Table 2 CeO₂ Nanoparticles Synthesized from Various Fungus Species

S.NO	Microbe Name	Characterization	Shape	Size nm	FT-IR Group	Ref
1.	Curvularia lunata	TG/DTA, XRD, Raman, PL, FT-IR, UV-vis and TEM	Spherical	5–20	_	[^Citation54]
3.	Humicola sp.	UV-Vis, XPS, PLS, TEM, FT-IR & XRD	Spherical	12–20	Ce-O & Ce-O-Ce	[^Citation43]
4.	Fusarium solani	FT-IR, PL, TG/DTA, FESEM, XRD, EDAX, TEM, XPS, SAED & CLSM	Spherical	20–30	-OH, C-N & -C-O-C	[^Citation42]
5.	Aspergillus niger	UV-Vis, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, TG/DTA, PL & TEM	Spherical	5–20	H-O-H, O-C-O & Ce-O	[^Citation21]

Table 3 Bio-Mediated CeO₂ Nanoparticles from Different Sources of Biological Products

S.NO	Name	Characterization	Shape	Size nm	FT-IR Group	Ref
1.	Egg protein	UV-Vis, FESEM, FT-IR, TGA/DTA & PXRD	Spherical	8–17	-OH, Ce-O, Ce-O-Ce, C-H & N=O	[^Citation48]
2.	Honey	UV-Vis, FESEM, FT-IR, TGA/DTA, EDS & PXRD	Spherical	23	O-H, Ce-O, Ce-O-Ce, Ce-O-C & N=O	[^Citation67]
3.	Agarose	UV-Vis, FESEM, FT-IR, TGA/DTA & PXRD	Spherical	10.5	O-H, Ce-O, Ce-O-Ce & N=O	[^Citation45]
4.	Starch	UV-Vis, PXRD & TEM	Spherical	6	_	[^Citation12]
5.	Dextran	TEM, DLS, XPS & UV-Vis	Spherical	5–10	_	[^Citation46]
6.	Polyethylene glycol	HRTEM, TEM, UV-Vis & SLS-DLS	Spherical	~2	_	[^Citation68]
7.	Chitosan	XRD, HRTEM, FT-IR, TGA/DTA & UV-Vis	Spherical	~ 4	_	[^Citation69]
8.	Pectin	DLS, FESEM, EDSS, XRD, FT-IR, NMR, PL, FESEM, EDSS & UV-Vis	Spherical	≤ 40	-OH, C-H, C=O, -O-CH3, C-O-C, N=O & Ce-O	[^Citation47]
9.	Tannic acid	FT-IR, XPS, XRD, HRTEM & UV-visible	Polycrystalline	~ 10	_	[^Citation15]

Table 4 Various Microbes Tested Against Biogenic CeO₂ Nanoparticles

S.NO	Source	Microbes Tested	Ref
1.	Olea europaea	Fungus (Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani, and Aspergillus niger) Bacterial sps (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia)	[^Citation26]
2.	Moringa oleifera	S. aureus and E. coli	[^Citation36]
3.	Curvularia lunata	Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae	[^Citation54]
4.	Leucas aspera	Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas desmolyticum and Staphylococcus aureus	[^Citation63]
5.	Acalypha indica	Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus	[^Citation13]
6.	Annona muricata	Enterococcusfaecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli	[^Citation50]
7.	Gloriosa Superba	Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia, E.coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[^Citation37]
8.	Aspergillus niger	Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli	[^Citation21]
9.	Fusarium solani	Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia	[^Citation42]
10.	Justicia adhatoda	Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli	[^Citation17]
11	Euphorbia amygdaloides	P. acidilactici	[^Citation31]
12	Pectin	E. coli and B. subtilis	[^Citation47]

Figure 3 Schematic representation of antibacterial activity of CeO₂ nanoparticles. (1) Cell wall disruption; (2) Cell membrane disintegration; (3) Free radicals productions; (4) Loss of protein peptides; (5) DNA fragmentation; (6) Vital enzymes inhibition; (7) Loss of cellular fluids; and (8) Disruption in electron transport.

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