Aspects of Point-of-Care Diagnostics for Personalized Health Wellness

Figures & data

Table 1 List of Some Commercially Available POCs for Qualitative Diagnosis of Various Infectious Diseases

S. No.	POC Device	Test Approach	Target Analyte	Sample	Sample Volume (µL)	Result Time (Min)	Storage Temperature (°C)	Sensitivity	Specificity	Ref.
(A) Dengue
1.	SD Bioline Dengue Duo (Dengue NS1 Ag+IgG/IgM)	Lateral flow test strips	Dengue NS1 Ag+IgM/IgG	Serum/Plasma/Whole blood	(i) NS1 Ag: 100 (ii) IgM/IgG: 10	15–20	2–30	(i) NS1 Ag: 92.4% (ii) IgM/IgG: 94.2%	(i) NS1 Ag: 98.4% (ii) IgM/IgG: 96.4%	[^Citation59]
2.	Panbio Dengue Early Rapid Kit	Lateral flow (cassette)	Dengue NS1 Ag	Human serum, plasma or whole blood	50	15–20	2–30	91.89%	98.39%	[^Citation60]
3.	Dengue NS1 Rapid test (Strip)	Membrane-based immunoassay	Dengue NS1 Ag	Human serum	50	30	2–30	1.6 ng/mL	–	[^Citation61]
4.	CareStart™ Dengue Combo (NS1+IgM/IgG)	–	Dengue NS1 Ag+IgM/IgG	Serum, plasma or whole blood	(i) NS1 Ag: 60/60/80 (ii) IgM/IgG: 10/10/20	15–20	1–30	–	–	[^Citation62]
5.	Bhat Bio-SCcan^® Dengue NS1 & IgG+IgM Combi Card Test	Immunochromatographic assay	Dengue NS1 Ag+IgM/IgG	Human serum and plasma	(i) NS1 Ag: 100 (ii) IgM/IgG: 5	20	2–30	>98%	>95%	[^Citation63]
6.	Standard Q Dengue Duo test	Immunochromatographic assay	Dengue NS1 Ag+IgM/IgG	Human serum, plasma, and whole blood	(i) NS1 Ag: 100 (ii) IgM/IgG: 10	15–20	1–40	(i) NS1 Ag: 92.9% (ii) IgM: 97.5% (iii) IgG: 97.2%	(i) NS1 Ag: 96.2% (ii) IgM: 96.6% (iii) IgG: 96.2%	[^Citation64]
(B) Tuberculosis
7.	Alere Determine™ TB LAM Ag	Lateral flow	Lipoarabinomannan	Urine	–	25	2–30	66.7%	>98%	[^Citation65]
8.	EasyNat TB-CPA Diagnostic Kit	Isothermal amplification-lateral flow assay	M. tuberculosis DNA	–	–	120	–	87%	97%	[^Citation66,^Citation67]
9.	Tuberculosis IgM/IgG Rapid Test	Sandwich lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay	TB IgM/IgG	Human serum or plasma	60–90	10*	2–30	93.3%/94.6%	–	[^Citation68]
(C) Hepatitis B
10.	VIKIA^® HBs Ag	Immunochromatographic or lateral flow	HBs Ag	Human serum, plasma, or whole blood	75 (whole blood)	15	4–30	~99%	~99.80%	[^Citation111]
11.	HBsAg Rapid Test (strip)	Lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay	HBsAg	Human serum or plasma	–	15	–	1 ng/mL	–	[^Citation69]
12.	Alere Determine™ HBsAg	Lateral flow	HBsAg	Human serum, plasma, or whole blood	–	15	2–30	95.16%	99.95%	[^Citation70]
13.	EuDx TM-HE (A, B, C) KIT	Immunochromatographic method	HAV IgM, HBsAg, and anti-HCV	–	–	15	–	98.53	94.13	[^Citation71]
14.	SD Bioline Anti-HBsAg	Immunochromatographic method	HBsAb	Human serum or plasma	100	–	2–30	91.7%	98.9%	[^Citation72]
(D) HIV/AIDS**
15.	Alere Determine™ HIV-1/2	Lateral flow	–	Serum, plasma, or whole blood	50	15	2–30	~100%	99.75%	[^Citation73]
16.	Chembio Dual Path Platform (DPP^®) HIV 1/2	Immunochromatographic test	HIV-1/2 Ab	Oral fluid	–	10	2–30	100%	99.8%	[^Citation74]
17.	OraQuick Advance^®	Immunochromatographic test	HIV-1/2 Ab	Oral fluid	–	20	–	99.8%	99.8%	[^Citation74,^Citation75]
18.	HIV 1/2 AntibodyTest Strip	Lateral flow immunoassay	HIV-1/2 Ab	Whole blood, serum, or plasma	–	10	2–30	–	–	[^Citation76]
19.	INSTI^® HIV-1/HIV-2 Antibody Test	Immunofiltration “flow-through” approach	HIV-1/2 Ab	Human whole blood, fingerstick blood, serum or plasma	–	1	–	99% (fingerstick blood)	99% (fingerstick blood)	[^Citation77]
(E) Others
20.	Zika virus test kit QuickProfile™	Immunochromatographic test	ZKV AgG and IgM	Serum, plasma, or whole blood	–	20	4–30	–	–	[^Citation78]
21.	Acro Biotech COVID-19 15 min RAPID POC test	Lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay	SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM	Human whole blood, serum, or plasma	–	15	2–30	100% (for IgG) and 85% (for IgM)	98% (for IgG) and 96% (for IgM)	[^Citation156]

Notes: *Excluding time for specimen collection and preparation. **The use of some of these POCs can be restricted to clinical laboratories, as per the specified details.

Figure 1 Rapid diagnostic platform for Dengue and Chikungunya using (A) multiplex lateral flow test strip, (B) optical reader for color detection, (C) structural representation of optical reader, (D) lightproof casing of optical reader, and (E) appearance of test strip corresponding to different diagnostic scenarios.

Note: Reproduced with the permission from Wang R, Ongagna-Yhombi SY, Lu Z, Centeno-Tablante E, Colt S, Cao X, Ren Y, Caardenas WB, Mehta S, Erickson D. Rapid diagnostic platform for colorimetric differential detection of dengue and Chikungunya viral infections. Analytical chemistry. 2019 21;91(8):5415-23. Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society. ⁸²

Figure 2 Schematic representation of novel lipoarabinomannan POC device for Tuberculosis diagnosis and its working principle.Note: Reproduced with the permission form Broger T, Sossen B, du Toit E, Kerkhoff AD, Schutz C, Reipold EI, Ward A, Barr DA, Macé A, Trollip A, Burton R. Novel lipoarabinomannan point-of-care tuberculosis test for people with HIV: a diagnostic accuracy study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2019 Aug 1;19(8):852-61. Copyright (2019) Elsevier.⁹⁵

Figure 3 Interdigitated electrodes cultured with Astrocytes and infected by HIV in the presence of cocaine to understand the electrochemical assessment of cell physiology.

Note: Reproduced with the permission from Kaushik A, Vabbina PK, Atluri V, Shah P, Vashist A, Jayant RD, Yandart A, Nair M. Electrochemical monitoring-on-chip (E-MoC) of HIV-infection in presence of cocaine and therapeutics. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2016 86:426–31. Copyright (2016) Elsevier.¹³⁰

Figure 4 Illustration of an interdigitated electrodes based immunosensor for the detection of ZIKA protein at (pM), to perform POC diagnostics, this sensing chip is projected to be operated by a miniaturized analyzer and data analysis using internet of medical things.

Note: Reproduced with the permission from Kaushik A, Yndart A, Kumar S, Jayant RD, Vashist A, Brown AN, Li CZ, Nair M. A sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of Zika-virus protein. Scientific reports. 2018 8: 97000. Copyright (2018) Scientific Reports under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.¹⁴³

Figure 5 Design and applicability of smartphone-based fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform: (A) 3D schematic of internal structure of the device, (B) image of fluorescent LFIA reader, (C) schematic representation of ZIKV NS1 detection using fluorescent LFIA, and (D) images of test strips in the absence (right) and presence (left) of ZIKV NS1.

Note: Reproduced with the permission from Rong Z, Wang Q, Sun N, Jia X, Wang K, Xiao R, Wang S. Smartphone-based fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay platform for highly sensitive point-of-care detection of Zika virus nonstructural protein 1. Analytica chimica acta. 2019 1055:140–7. Copyright (2019) Elsevier.¹⁴⁶

Figure 6 Overview of smartphone-based lateral flow POC test for detection of Ebola-specific antibodies illustrating (A) lateral flow strips and (B) smartphone applicationinterface login window for providing a description of the test and further recording of patient details.

Note: Reproduced with the permission from Brangel P, Sobarzo A, Parolo C, Miller BS, Howes PD, Gelkop S, Lutwama JJ, Dye JM, McKendry RA, Lobel L, Stevens MM. A serological point-of-care test for the detection of IgG antibodies against Ebola virus in human survivors. ACS nano. 2018 12(1):63-73. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.¹⁵²

Figure 7 Strategic illustration of developing a miniaturized COVID-19 diagnostics tool for POC application.

Note: Reproduced with the permission from Mujawar MA, Gohel H, Bhardwaj SK, Srinivasan S, Hickman N, Kaushik A. Aspects of nano-enabling biosensing systems for intelligent healthcare; towards COVID-19 management. Materials Today Chemistry. 2020 5:100306. Copyright (2020) Elsevier.¹⁵⁴

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