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Original Research

In vitro and in vivo Evaluation of Succinic Acid-Substituted Mesoporous Silica for Ammonia Adsorption: Potential Application in the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy

, ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 10085-10098 | Published online: 14 Dec 2020

Figures & data

Figure 1 FT-IR spectroscopy related to structures of MS-NH2 and MS-SA.

Abbreviations: FT-IR, Fourier transform infrared; MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 1 FT-IR spectroscopy related to structures of MS-NH2 and MS-SA.

Figure 2 XRD pattern of MS-NH2 and MS-SA.

Abbreviations: XRD, x-ray diffraction; MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 2 XRD pattern of MS-NH2 and MS-SA.

Figure 3 EDX analysis of MS-NH2 (A) and MS-SA (B).

Abbreviations: EDX, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; MS-SA, succinic acid modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 3 EDX analysis of MS-NH2 (A) and MS-SA (B).

Figure 4 FE-SEM image of synthesized MS-NH2 (A) and MS-SA (B). HR-TEM images of synthesized MS-SA (C).

Abbreviations: FE-SEM, field emission-scanning electron microscopy; MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica; HR-TEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Figure 4 FE-SEM image of synthesized MS-NH2 (A) and MS-SA (B). HR-TEM images of synthesized MS-SA (C).

Figure 5 Particle size distribution of synthesized MS-SA (A). Zeta potential of synthesized MS-NH2 and MS-SA (B).

Abbreviation: MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 5 Particle size distribution of synthesized MS-SA (A). Zeta potential of synthesized MS-NH2 and MS-SA (B).

Figure 6 XPS spectra of synthesized MS-SA for the identification of surface elemental composition.

Abbreviations: XPS, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 6 XPS spectra of synthesized MS-SA for the identification of surface elemental composition.

Figure 7 In vitro evaluation of ammonium ion adsorption capability of MS-NH2 and MSN-SA at different time intervals. (AC) indicate 1, 2, and 3 hours after incubation, respectively. It is noteworthy to mention that the ammonium ion adsorbing capacity of MS-NH2 and MSN-SA was not time-dependent in the current study. Data are given as mean±SD (n = 6); Columns with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Abbreviation: MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 7 In vitro evaluation of ammonium ion adsorption capability of MS-NH2 and MSN-SA at different time intervals. (A–C) indicate 1, 2, and 3 hours after incubation, respectively. It is noteworthy to mention that the ammonium ion adsorbing capacity of MS-NH2 and MSN-SA was not time-dependent in the current study. Data are given as mean±SD (n = 6); Columns with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Figure 8 Bio-imaging of fluorescent-labeled MS-SA in the rat.

Note: Numbers indicate hour’s post-MS-SA administration.
Abbreviation: MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica.
Figure 8 Bio-imaging of fluorescent-labeled MS-SA in the rat.

Figure 9 Plasma biomarkers of liver damage and histopathological changes in liver tissue in thioacetamide rats (TAA). Histopathological changes in liver tissue in the thioacetamide model of acute liver failure revealed severe degeneration of the balloon (red arrow), inflammation (yellow arrow), and necrosis (green arrow). Data are given as mean±SD (n = 8). #Shows significantly different as compared with the control group (P < 0.05).

Figure 9 Plasma biomarkers of liver damage and histopathological changes in liver tissue in thioacetamide rats (TAA). Histopathological changes in liver tissue in the thioacetamide model of acute liver failure revealed severe degeneration of the balloon (red arrow), inflammation (yellow arrow), and necrosis (green arrow). Data are given as mean±SD (n = 8). #Shows significantly different as compared with the control group (P < 0.05).

Figure 10 Brain and plasma ammonia ion level in MS-NH2 and MS-SA-treated rat model of hepatic encephalopathy.

Notes: Data are given as mean±SD (n = 8 rat/group, data were also repeated at least three times for each sample). Groups with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Abbreviations: MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica; TAA, thioacetamide.
Figure 10 Brain and plasma ammonia ion level in MS-NH2 and MS-SA-treated rat model of hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 11 Animal’s locomotor activity in MS-NH2 and MSN-SA-treated rat model of hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy.

Notes: Data are given as mean±SD (n = 8). Columns with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Abbreviations: MS-SA, succinic acid-modified mesoporous silica; TAA, thioacetamide.
Figure 11 Animal’s locomotor activity in MS-NH2 and MSN-SA-treated rat model of hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy.