Therapeutic Effect of Calcipotriol Pickering Nanoemulsions Prepared by Exopolysaccharides Produced by Bacillus halotolerans FYS Strain on Psoriasis

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Colony morphology of FYS; (B) phylogenetic tree.

Table 1 Molecular Weights and Monosaccharide Ratio of EPS

Sample	Molecular Weight			Monosaccharide Ratio (%)
	Mn/Da	Mw/Da	Mw/Mn	Glucose	Galactose	Glucuronic acid	Rhamnose	Galacturonic Acid	Mannose
EPS	3.478×10^3	4.362×10^3	1.254	32.0	34.3	9.7	7.4	10.3	6.3

Figure 2 (A) Lyophilized products of EPS; (B) microstructure by SEM (500×); and (C) microstructure by SEM (20,000×). (D) GPC; (E) standard curve of monosaccharide reference standard; and (F) EPS monosaccharide composition curve.

Figure 3 (A) Formation of nanoparticles when EPS changes with pH; (B) change in average particle size of EPS nanoparticles; (C) micromorphology of EPS nanoparticles by SEM (pH=6); (D) micromorphology of EPS nanoparticles by TEM (pH=6); (E) isoelectric point.

Table 2 E₂₄ of EPS at Different pH and Concentrations (* p <0.05)

EPS Concentration	E24
	pH=7	pH=6	pH=5	pH=4	pH=3
1.0%	65.1 ± 1.3	72.5* ± 0.7	72.1* ± 1.1	70.5* ± 1.0	12.5 ± 2.0
0.75%	53.3 ± 1.0	72.5* ± 0.6	72.0* ± 1.2	70.4* ± 1.1	5.8 ± 1.9
0.5%	50.7 ± 1.3	64.9 ± 1.0	50.6 ± 1.5	47.2 ± 1.7	0
0.25%	31.0 ± 0.9	28.2 ± 0.8	25.2 ± 1.8	26.7 ± 2.3	0
0.125%	9.9 ± 1.6	17.4 ± 2.9	17.1 ± 2.3	16.2 ± 3.1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0

Notes: Mean values (±standard deviation) within the same column that did not share a common superscript indicate a significant difference (* P < 0.05).

Figure 4 (A) The emulsifying activity of EPS at different pH (concentration is 0.75%); (B) emulsifying behavior of EPS at different concentrations (pH=6); (C and D) Nile red staining to observe the shape and size distribution of emulsions (concentration is 0.75%, pH=6).

Figure 5 Response surface plot showing the significant (p < 0.05) interaction effect for droplet size as a function of (A) ultrasonic amplitude and ultrasonic time; (B) ultrasonic time and PEG400 content; (C) ultrasonic time and oil content; (D) PEG400 content and ultrasonic amplitude; (E) oil content and ultrasonic amplitude; and (F) PEG400 content and oil content.

Figure 6 (A) NE type; (B) Tyndall effect; (C) droplet size distribution; (D) zeta potential; (E/F) morphology of ECPN at pH=6 by TEM (500 nm ×; 100 nm ×); (G) droplet size changes of ECPN stored at pH=6; and (H) storage stability of ECPN at different pH.

Figure 7 In vitro drug release profiles of ECPN.

Table 3 PASI Score

Groups	Medication Days
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Healthy	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Model	4.00	4.00	4.00	3.83	3.60	3.60	3.30	3.10	2.93
ECPN	3.30	3.10	2.73	2.17	1.80	1.37	1.07	0.90	0.93
Positive control	3.43	3.13	2.93	2.83	2.37	1.93	1.57	1.40	1.07

Figure 8 HE staining. (A) Healthy group (200 ×); (B) model group; (C) ECPN group; and (D) positive control group.