Advances in Hollow Inorganic Nanomedicines for Photothermal-Based Therapies

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic illustration for the PTT-based treatment in cancer, bacterial infections and other diseases including obesity, Alzheimer’s disease and endometriosis. The outside hollow inorganic materials are examples for different diseases treatment.

Table 1 Summary for Recently Developed Hollow Inorganic Nanostructures for PTT-Based Cancer Treatment

	Hollow Inorganic Nanostructures	Modification	Drug Loaded	Cancer Type	NIR Laser	Therapeutic Application	Reference
Gold	D-PGNC	PAsp(DIP)-b-PAsp(MEA) (PDPM)	Doxorubicin	Breast cancer	808 nm, 1 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and PA imaging	[^Citation18]
	ICG−Au@BSA−Gd	BSA-Gd	Indocyanine green	Ovarian cancer	808 nm, 1.5 W/cm^2	PTT/PDT & NIRF/PA/CT/MR imaging	[^Citation19]
	AuHNRs	PEG	Doxorubicin	Squamous-cell carcinoma	1064 nm, 0.4 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and PT/PA/CT imaging	[^Citation41]
	EA-AB	AuCluster@BSA	Erlotinib	Breast cancer	808 nm, 1.5 W/cm^2	PTT/ERFR pathway blockage and MSOT imaging	[^Citation42]
	pAAu and pNAu	pAAu: poly (acrylic acid) pNAu: poly (N-iso propylacrylamide-co-acrylamide)	pAAu: Erlotinib pNAu: Doxorubicin	Squamous-cell carcinoma/breast cancer	808 nm, 0.5 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy/ERFR pathway blockage	[^Citation43]
	PPHAuNC-DOX/miR-122	MUA/PEI/PEG/HA	Doxorubicin/miR-122	Liver cancer	808 nm, 1 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy/gene therapy	[^Citation44]
Metal chalcogenides	Hollow Cu9S8 NPs	NA	NA	Breast cancer	808 nm, 1.0 W/cm^2	PTT/chemodynamic therapy and PA imaging	[^Citation51]
	DCuS@[RBC−B16] NPs	RBC−B16 Hybrid Membrane	Doxorubicin	Melanoma	1064 nm, 1.0 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and PA imaging	[^Citation52]
	MnO2@Ce6@PDA-FA NPs	Polydopamine (PDA)/FA	Ce6	Breast cancer	808 nm, 1.0 W/cm^2	PTT/PDT & FL imaging	[^Citation53]
	HMCuS@MnO2/Ce6 (CMC) nanoplatform	MnO2 nanoshell	Ce6	Breast cancer	808 nm, 1.5 W/cm^2	PTT/PDT & IR/FL/PA/MR imaging	[^Citation54]
	PD@BS	NA	Doxorubicin/phase change material	Breast cancer	808 nm, 0.5 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and PA imaging	[^Citation55]
	HNC-s-s-HA/GA	HA	Gambogic acid	Breast cancer	808 nm, 0.5 W/cm^2	PTT/RT & MSOT/CT/IRT imaging	[^Citation56]
Carbon	HA-HMCN(DOX)@GQDs	GQDs/HA	Doxorubicin	Cervical cancer	808 nm, 1.0 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and FL imaging	[^Citation80]
	MHPCNs−SS−PGA−FA/DOX	PGA/FA	Doxorubicin	Cervical cancer	808 nm, 1.5 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and MR imaging	[^Citation81]
	Au@HCNs	NA	Au nanoparticle	Colon cancer	808 nm, 2.0 W/cm^2	PTT/catalytic therapy	[^Citation82]
Silica	CuS@mSiO2-TD/ICG	TD	ICG	Breast cancer	808 nm, 1.5 W/cm^2	PTT/PDT & NIRF/PA imaging	[^Citation83]
	GN-T	Au stars/IGF1	Gem/PFH	Pancreatic cancer(patient-derived)	808 nm, 1.2 W/cm^2	PTT/chemotherapy and US/PA/CT imaging	[^Citation84]
	H-SiOx-PEG NPs	PEG	NA	Breast cancer	1064 nm, 0.6 W/cm^2	PTT & PA imaging	[^Citation85]

Abbreviations: D-PGNC, DOX-loaded pH-sensitive gold nanocages; ICG−Au@BSA−Gd, bovine serum albumin (BSA)−bioinspired Gd3+ hybrid-functionalized hollow gold nanoshells; EA-AB, AuCluster@BSA modified EGFR inhibitor loaded gold nanocages; AuHNRs, gold hollow nanorods; p_AAu, poly(acrylic acid) coated gold nanocages, p_AAu, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) coated gold nanocages; PPHAuNC-DOX/miR-122, HA-conjugated, DOX and miR-122-co-loaded, PEGylated PEI-modified AuNCs; DCuS@[RBC−B16] NPs, RBC−B16 hybrid membrane camouflaged doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles; MnO2@Ce6@PDA-FA NPs, polydopamine (PDA)-coated photosensitiser chlorin e6-loaded hollow MnO₂ NPs; PD@BS, (PCM+DOX)@Bi₂S₃ nanocomposites; HNC-s-s-HA/GA, HA-functionalized gambogic acid (GA) loaded Bi₂Se₃ hollow nanocube; NA, not avaliable; MHPCNs, hollow and porous carbon nanoparticles; SS, cystamine dihydrochloride; PGA, poly(γ-glutamic acid); FA, Folic acid; HMCN, hollow mesoporous carbon nanosphere; GQDs, graphene quantum dots; CuS@mSiO2-TD/ICG, 1-tetradecanol (TD)-controlled and indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded CuS@mSiO2 phototherapy nanoplatform; GN-T, hollow mesoporous silica (HMS)-based nanoparticles with gemcitabine (Gem) and perfluorohexane (PFH) loaded in the cavity, gold (Au) stars and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) grafted onto the surface; H-SiOx-PEG NPs, non-stoichiometric hollow silicon oxide nanoparticles.

Figure 2 (A) Schematic of membrane fusion and coating. Membrane materials are derived from RBCs and B16-F10 cells and then fused together. The resulting hybrid membrane is used to camouflage DOX-loaded hollow copper sulfide nanoparticles (DCuS NPs) to produce DCuS@[RBC−B16] NPs. (B) Synergistic photothermal/chemotherapy of melanoma. Data from Wang et al.52

Figure 3 Summary for other hollow inorganic materials for cancer PTT, including monocomponent metals, MOFs and alloys.

Figure 4 Near-Infrared (NIR)-Activated AuAgCu₂O Nanoshells for Antibacterial-Resistant Bacterial Killing and Improved Wound Healing. The prepared AuAgCu₂O NSs could release copper ions and silver ions under NIR laser irradiation. Consequently, multi-drug-resistant bacteria can be efficiently damaged through a synergistic antibiotic-photothermal strategy with silver ions and local high temperature, and the released copper ions could promote the re-epithelialization process, eventually accelerating the recovery of the nonhealing wound and keratitis. Data from Ye et al. 117

Figure 5 NGF-PCM@Ru NPs were used to cross BBB under NIR irradiation, and then PCM triggered the release of NGF in response to thermal effects, thereby achieving reduction of ROS production and mitigation of neuronal damage by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation. Data from Zhou et al.135

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