Development of Inhalable Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Ciprofloxacin for Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis Treatment

Figures & data

Table 1 Effect of Different Tween^® 80 Concentrations on Particle Size, Polydispersity Index and Zeta Potential of Blank NLC (Mean ±SD, n=3)

Composition (%w/v)	NLC-0.25	NLC-0.5	NLC-1	NLC-1.25
Stearic acid	3	3	3	3
Oleic acid	1	1	1	1
Tween^® 80	0.5	1	1.5	2
Water	Up to 50 mL	Up to 50 mL	Up to 50 mL	Up to 50 mL
PS (nm)	342.5 ± 7.1	224 0.6 ± 8.2	102.3 ± 4.6	106 ± 3.5
PDI	0.521 ± 0.72	0.41 ± 0.43	0.267 ± 0.12	0.289 ± 0.11
ZP (mV)	−28.5 ± 1.5	−29.6 ± 0.7	−31.4 ± 1.3	−27.1 ± 1.7

Figure 1 Transmission electron microscopy images of nanoparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin (CLP-NLC) at 8000 and 150,000× magnification power.

Figure 2 In vitro release of free ciprofloxacin and nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with ciprofloxacin (CIP-NLC) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) PH 7.4 at 37°C.

Table 2 Release Kinetic Data of the Investigated Nanoparticles Loaded with Ciprofloxacin (CIP-NLC)

Formula Code	Zero-Order Model r	First-Order Model	Higuchi Diffusion Model r	Peppas Model
				r	N
CIP-NLC	0.9718	0.7556	0.9958	0.8153	0.6153

Figure 3 Zone of inhibition of ciprofloxacin on different microbial strains. +ve: control (5 µg of CIP), -ve: blank or non-loaded NLCs. (A) Ciprofloxacin loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (CIP-NLC), (B) spray dried CIP-NLC with different chitosan: lipid ratios (C1: NCMP1, C2: NCMP2, C3 NCMP3).

Table 3 The % Yield, Drug Content, Fine Particle Dose (FPD), Percentage Fine Particle Fraction (FPF), and Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) of NCMPs (Mean ± S.D., n=3)

Formula	Ratio (Lipid:CH)	Yield (%)	Drug Content (%)	FPD (µg)	FPF (%)	MMAD (µm)
NCMP-1	1: 0.5	78.77 ± 3.16	95.2 ± 5.9	45.0 ± 4.2	49.2 ± 5.8	3.90 ± 0.1
NCMP-2	1: 1	72.16 ± 2.33	91.4 ± 4.7	38.7 ± 5.2	42.7 ± 7.5	4.83 ± 0.8
NCMP-3	1: 1.5	64.50 ± 3.58	92.8 ± 6.2	36.4 ± 4.6	37.5 ± 4.6	5.10 ± 0.7

Figure 4 SEM photographs of liposomes spray dried in the presence of different ratios of chitosan (w/w). (A) NCMP1 at lipid:CH ratio of 1:0.5, (B) NCMP2 at lipid:CH ratio 1:1, (C) NCMP3 at lipid:CH ratio of 1:1.5. Pictures were taken at 4000× and 25,000× magnifications.