Encapsulated nanoepigallocatechin-3-gallate and elemental selenium nanoparticles as paradigms for nanochemoprevention

Figures & data

Table 1 Efficacious doses and toxic doses of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice

Delivery route	Times of administration	Outcomes	References
0.32% in diet	16 weeks	Inhibiting obesity and fatty liver	^Citation23,Citation24
0.5% in diet	7 weeks	Inhibiting tumor development	^Citation18
1% in diet	24 weeks	Not inhibiting B(α)P-promoted tumorigenesis	^Citation19
1% in diet	7 weeks	Alleviating type 2 diabetes mellitus	^Citation25
1% in diet	4 weeks	Inhibiting obesity	^Citation22,Citation24
1% in diet	6 weeks	Proinflammatory responses	^Citation14
IP 50 mg/kg	2 weeks	Reducing angiogenesis	^Citation20
IP 50 mg/kg	1 day	Reducing brain damage	^Citation26
IP 50 mg/kg	8 weeks	Reducing liver fibrosis	^Citation27
IP 60 mg/kg	23 weeks	Inhibiting 1,2-DMH-promoted tumorigenesis	^Citation21
IP 50–75 mg/kg	3 days	Preventing acute hepatotoxicity	^Citation14
IP 100 mg/kg	1 day	Hepatotoxicity	^Citation15
IP 150 mg/kg	1 day	Died within 24 hours	^Citation15

Abbreviations: 1,2-DMH, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; B(α)P, benzo(α)pyrne; IP, intraperitoneal.

Table 2 Comparison of biological activities between encapsulated nanoepigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and nonencapsulated free EGCG

Biomarkers	Encapsulated nano-EGCG	Nonencapsulated free EGCG
IC50 of PCa PC3 cells	3.74 μmol/L	43.6 μmol/L
Doses needed to generate 72% apoptosis in PCa PC3 cells	2.7 μmol/L	40 μmol/L
Inhibiting colonies formation of PCa PC3 cells	5.5 μmol/L inhibited 90%	20 μmol/L inhibited 10%
Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of PCa PC3 cells	2 at 1.4 μmol/L	0.5 at 20 μmol/L
Inhibition of FGF-promoted angiogenesis in vitro	3 μg/CAM generated 57% inhibition	30 μg/CAM generated 35% inhibition
Suppressing tumor growth in mice inoculated with androgen-responsive 22Rν1 cells after 7 weeks of EGCG administration	IP 0.1 mg/mouse inhibited 50% as compared with tumor control	IP 1 mg/mouse inhibited 50% as compared with tumor control
Serum PSA of mice inoculated with androgen-responsive 22Rν cells after 7 weeks of EGCG administration	10% of tumor control/IP 0.1 mg/mouse	75% of tumor control/IP 1 mg/mouse
EGCG degradation in plasma of mice	EGCG existed in plasma after 4 hours/IP 0.1 mg/mouse	EGCG disappeared from plasma after 4 hours/IP 1 mg/mouse

Abbreviations: CAM, chick chorioallantoic membrane; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; IC₅₀, the half maximal inhibitory concentration; IP, intraperitoneal; PCa, prostate cancer; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 1 Number of publications on cancer prevention by chemopreventive agents.

Table 3 Subchronic toxicity of selenium (Se) compounds in rats

Biomarkers	Se (ppm) in diet	Nano-Se	Selenite	High-Se protein
NOAEL (ppm)		3	2	2
Growth retardation	3	Nano-Se < selenite and high-Se protein
BWL	3	Nano-Se < selenite and high-Se protein
	4	Nano-Se < selenite and high-Se protein
Reduction of erythrocyte, hemoglobin, platelet counts	4	Not significantly	Significantly	Significantly
Spleen enlargement and liver atrophy	3	Not significantly	Not significantly	Significantly
	4	Not significantly	Significantly	Significantly
Mottled liver surface	4	Nano-Se < selenite and high-Se protein
	5	Nano-Se < selenite and high-Se protein
Degeneration of liver cells	3	None	Existence	Existence
Patchy necrosis	5	None	Existence	Existence
Increase of ALT activity	4	Not significantly	Significantly	Not significantly
Increase of AST activity	4	Not significantly	Significantly	Not significantly
	5	Not significantly	Significantly	Significantly
Increase of TP activity	5	Not significantly	Significantly	Significantly
Increase of ALB activity	5	Not significantly	Significantly	Significantly

Abbreviations: ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BWL, body weight loss; NOAEL, the no-observed-adverse-effect level; TP, total protein.

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