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Original Research

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolites of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated norcantharidin chitosan nanoparticle formulation in rats and mice, using LC-MS/MS

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1723-1735 | Published online: 02 Apr 2012

Figures & data

Figure 1 XRD pattern of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NP nanoparticles.

Abbreviation: XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Figure 1 XRD pattern of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NP nanoparticles.Abbreviation: XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Figure 2 AFM ichnography of NCTD-NPs and PVP–NCTD–NPs.

Notes: 1: nanoparticles without PVP; 2: nanoparticles with PVP.

Abbreviation: AFM, atomic force microscopy.

Figure 2 AFM ichnography of NCTD-NPs and PVP–NCTD–NPs.Notes: 1: nanoparticles without PVP; 2: nanoparticles with PVP.Abbreviation: AFM, atomic force microscopy.

Figure 3 AFM image of PVP–NCTD–NPs.

Figure 3 AFM image of PVP–NCTD–NPs.

Table 1 Pharmacokinetic parameters of two formulations after intravenous and oral administrations to rats

Figure 4 Mean plasma concentration profiles of NCTD after intravenous administration of two formulations at 5 mg/kg to SD rats (N = 6).

Abbrevations: SD, Sprague-Dawley; CNCTD, concentration of NCTD; T, time.

Figure 4 Mean plasma concentration profiles of NCTD after intravenous administration of two formulations at 5 mg/kg to SD rats (N = 6).Abbrevations: SD, Sprague-Dawley; CNCTD, concentration of NCTD; T, time.

Figure 5 Mean plasma concentration profiles of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NP after oral administration of 5 mg/kg to SD rats (N = 6).

Abbrevations: CNCTD, concentration of NCTD; T, time.

Figure 5 Mean plasma concentration profiles of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NP after oral administration of 5 mg/kg to SD rats (N = 6).Abbrevations: CNCTD, concentration of NCTD; T, time.

Table 2 Te, RTe, and TI of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NPs after intravenous administration

Figure 6 Tissue distribution of NCTD-SOL and PVP–NCTD–NPs after intravenous administration in mice (N = 6).

Figure 6 Tissue distribution of NCTD-SOL and PVP–NCTD–NPs after intravenous administration in mice (N = 6).

Figure 7 Product ion spectra of NCTD and its metabolites in rats.

Figure 7 Product ion spectra of NCTD and its metabolites in rats.
Figure 7 Product ion spectra of NCTD and its metabolites in rats.

Figure 8 Structures of the main metabolites and their possible transformation in rats.

Figure 8 Structures of the main metabolites and their possible transformation in rats.

Figure 9 Cumulative amounts of excreted NCTD in urine and feces: time curves after oral administration of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NP to rats (N = 6).

Figure 9 Cumulative amounts of excreted NCTD in urine and feces: time curves after oral administration of NCTD and PVP–NCTD–NP to rats (N = 6).