Characteristics of magnetic labeling on liver tumors with anti-alpha-fetoprotein-mediated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles

Figures & data

Figure 1 Illustration of mechanism of (A) MRI and (B) SSB examination for antibody-mediated magnetic nanoparticles on liver tumor tissue.

Abbreviations: AC, alternating current; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SSB, scanning superconducting-quantum-interference-device biosusceptometry.

Table 1 Information of in-vivo tests and biopsy tests in this work

Reagent	In-vivo tests	Biopsy tests
Anti-AFP MF	MF dose: 0.06 emu/g, 100 μL	Sacrifice time
	Mouse 1: at 0, 13, and 20 hours (by SSB)	Mouse 1: at 26 hours
	at 0 and 24 hours (by MRI)	Mouse 2: at 50 hours
	Mouse 2: at 0, 17, 20, and 44 hours (by SSB)	Mouse 3: at 74 hours
	at 0 and 48 hours (by MRI)	Stain kinds
	Mouse 3: at 0, 4, 11, 24, 37, 48, and 68 hours (by SSB)	HE stain, Prussian blue stain, anti-AFP stain
	at 0 and 72 hours (by MRI)
MF without antibodies	MF dose: 0.06 emu/g, 100 μL	Sacrifice time
	Mouse 4: at 0 and 20 hours (by SSB)	Mouse 4: at 26 hours
	at 0 and 24 hours (by MRI)	Stain kinds
		HE stain, Prussian blue stain
Anti-CEA MF	MF dose: 0.06 emu/g, 100 μL	Sacrifice time
	Mouse 5: at 0 and 20 hours (by SSB)	Mouse 5: at 26 hours
	at 0 and 24 hours (by MRI)	Stain kinds
		HE stain, Prussian blue stain

Abbreviations: AFP, alphafetaprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; MF, magnetic fluid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SSB, scanning superconducting-quantum-interference-device biosusceptometry.

Figure 2 Characteristics of anti-CEA MF, anti-AFP MF, and MF without antibody coatings: (A) the hydrodynamic diameters, (B) saturation magnetism, (C) the stability of antibody-mediated MFs.

Abbreviations: CEA, carcinoembryonic-antigen; MF, magnetic fluid; AFP, alphafetaprotein.

Figure 3 MRI examination of a liver tumor. (A) Photos of the test mice and representative MRI images of the liver tumor at different examination time. (B) The variation ratio of the average normalized intensity ΔI/I₀ and the variation of image contrast ΔC/C₀.

Abbreviations: AFP, alphafetaprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic-antigen; MF, magnetic fluid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 4 SSB examination of a liver tumor. (A) Setup scheme. (B) The scanning curves of all test mice at different times. (C) The variation of magnetism M of all test mice at different times. (D) The analysis comparison of SSB and MRI.

Abbreviations: AFP, alphafetaprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic-antigen; MF, magnetic fluid; SSB, scanning superconducting-quantum-interference-device biosusceptometry; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 5 HE stain and Prussian blue stain of liver tumor tissue after the injection of MFs (magnification ×400).

Abbreviations: HE, hematoxylin and eosin; AFP, alphafetaprotein; MF, magnetic fluid; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.