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Original Research

Hydroxyapatite/NELL-1 Nanoparticles Electrospun Fibers for Osteoinduction in Bone Tissue Engineering Application

, , , , &
Pages 4321-4332 | Published online: 25 Jun 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of composite electrospun scaffolds loaded with chitosan-based nanoparticles and nHA.

Abbreviations: nHA, nano hydroxyapatite; PCL, polycaprolactone; BSA, bovine serum albumin.
Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of composite electrospun scaffolds loaded with chitosan-based nanoparticles and nHA.

Table 1 Details of Solution Preparation for Electrospinning and Nanoparticles for All Polymers Including Molecular Weight (Mw), Concentration w/w (C), Solvents, Stirring Time (t), The Rotation Speed of Stirrer (Vr), and Temperature of the Hot Plate During Mixing

Figure 2 SEM and TEM images of electrospun fibers with TEM images inserted on the top right in each group.

Notes: (A) PCL group; (B) PCL/nHA group; (C) PCL/BNPs group; (D) PCL/NNPs group; (E) PCL/nHA/NNPs group.
Abbreviations: SEM, scanning electron microscope; TEM, transmission electron microscope; PCL, polycaprolactone; nHA, nano hydroxyapatite; NNPs, chitosan based-nanoparticles loaded with NELL-1; BNPs, chitosan based-nanoparticle loaded without NELL-1.
Figure 2 SEM and TEM images of electrospun fibers with TEM images inserted on the top right in each group.

Figure 3 Diameters of electrospinning fiber in different group.

Note: *P<0.05 compared to the PCL group.
Figure 3 Diameters of electrospinning fiber in different group.

Figure 4 The tensile strength of electrospun fibers in different group.

Note: *P<0.05 compared to the PCL group.
Figure 4 The tensile strength of electrospun fibers in different group.

Figure 5 Contact angle of electrospun fibers in different group with images inserted on the top.

Figure 5 Contact angle of electrospun fibers in different group with images inserted on the top.

Figure 6 Cumulative release curve of NELL-1 growth factor in different samples.

Abbreviations: Chi/NNPs or NNPs, chitosan based-nanoparticles loaded with NELL-1; PCL, polycaprolactone; nHA, nano hydroxyapatite.
Figure 6 Cumulative release curve of NELL-1 growth factor in different samples.

Figure 7 MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion number, MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion morphology (SEM images), actin cytoskeletal organization and nucleus of cells (CLSM images) after incubation with different samples.

Notes: (AE), CLSM images; (a–e), SEM images; (A, a) PCL group, (B, b) PCL/nHA group, (C, c) PCL/BNPs group, (D, d) PCL/NNPs group, (E, e) PCL/nHA/NNPs group. (F), MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion number after incubation with different samples; *P<0.05 compared to the PCL group.
Abbreviations: SEM, scanning electron microscope; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscope; PCL, polycaprolactone; nHA, nano hydroxyapatite; NNPs, chitosan based-nanoparticles loaded with NELL-1; BNPs, chitosan based-nanoparticle loaded without NELL-1.
Figure 7 MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion number, MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion morphology (SEM images), actin cytoskeletal organization and nucleus of cells (CLSM images) after incubation with different samples.

Figure 8 CCK-8 results of MC3T3-E1 cells after incubation with different samples for 1 days, 4 days and 7 days.

Note: *P<0.05 compared to the PCL group and blank control.
Abbreviations: d, day; OD, optical density.
Figure 8 CCK-8 results of MC3T3-E1 cells after incubation with different samples for 1 days, 4 days and 7 days.

Figure 9 MC3T3-E1 cells ALP activity after cultivating for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days with different samples.

Notes: *P<0.05 compared to the blank control group, PCL group and PCL/BNPs group. #P<0.05 compared to PCL/nHA group and PCL/NNPs group.
Abbreviations: d, day; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.
Figure 9 MC3T3-E1 cells ALP activity after cultivating for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days with different samples.

Figure 10 The OPN mRNA expression of MC3T3-E1 cells after incubation with different scaffolds for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days.

Notes: *P<0.05 compared to the Blank control group, PCL group and PCL/BNPs group. #P<0.05 compared to PCL/nHA group.
Abbreviations: d, day; OPN, osteopontin.
Figure 10 The OPN mRNA expression of MC3T3-E1 cells after incubation with different scaffolds for 7 days, 14 days and 21 days.