Carbon nanotube interaction with extracellular matrix proteins producing scaffolds for tissue engineering

Figures & data

Table 1 Applications of CNTs in tissue engineering

Cell type	CNT	Function	References
Cells with electrical activity	Carbon nanotube fibers	Tissue engineering constructs with the capacity to provide controlled electrical stimulation	^Citation175
Neurons	SWNTs	Directly stimulate brain circuit activity	^Citation176
Epithelial and cardiac cells	Nanotube collagen gel	Promotes the tissue-specific development of seeded cells and the growth of skin, pieces of myocardium, and cellular structures	^Citation177
Various types	CNTs	Allow an in vitro simulation of in vivo conditions, making it simple to study or induce in the laboratory natural cellular processes such as cellular differentiation	^Citation178
Osteoblast	MWNTs	Different osteoblast phenotype depending on 3-D structure
Osteoblast	CNTs	Roughness of CNT scaffolds was also found to influence the increase of osteoblastic cell differentiation and proliferation	^Citation179
Osteoblast	Vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes	Accelerated osteoblast cell growth	^Citation180
Hippocampal neurons	MWNTs coated with 4-hydroxynonenal on polyethylene amine-layered coverslips	Induce neurite outgrowth and cell adhesion	^Citation181
Hippocampal neurons	MWNTs	Synaptic activity increased	^Citation182
Stem cells	MWNTs	Osteoclast differentiation can be inhibited	^Citation183
Human embryonic stem cells	CNTs grafted with polyacrylic acid	Stem cells are favorably directed towards the neural lineage	^Citation184
Neural stem cells	Laminin–SWNT films	Conduct cell differentiation and and their successful excitation	^Citation185
Mesenchymal stem cells from adult bone marrow	Carbon nanofibers with TGF-β	Generation of chondrocytes	^Citation186

Abbreviations: CNTs, carbon nanotubes; SWNTs, single-walled carbon nanotubes; MWNTs, multiwalled carbon nanotubes; TGF, transforming growth factor.

Figure 1 Carbon nanotubes interacting with different cells for tissue engineering.

Abbreviation: ECM, extracellular matrix.

Figure 2 Schematic organotypic spinal slices to model multilayer tissue complexity, interfaced with spinal segments to carbon nanotube scaffolds.

Notes: By immunofluorescence, scanning and transmission electronic microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, nerve fiber growth when neuronal processes exit the spinal explant and develop in direct contact to the substrate was observed, indicating that spinal cord explants interfaced for weeks with purified carbon nanotube scaffolds and grew more neuronal fibers, characterized by different mechanical properties and displaying higher growth-cone activity.

Abbreviations: MWNTs, multiwalled carbon nanotubes; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Figure 3 Representative scheme for tissue repair using stem cells.

Figure 4 Composites of carbon nanotubes and collagen can resemble extracellular matrix, leading to diverse cell response, which can be directed according to carbon nanotube functionalization. © 2009, Springer. Adapted with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media: Silva EE, Colleta HHMD, Ferlauto AS, et al. Nanostructured 3-D collagen/nanotube biocomposites for future bone regeneration scaffolds. Nano Res. 2009;2:462–473.⁵²

Abbreviations: CNTs, carbon nanotubes; ECM, extracellular matrix.

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