Kaempferol nanoparticles achieve strong and selective inhibition of ovarian cancer cell viability

Figures & data

Figure 1 Chemical structures of kaempferol, PLGA, PEO-PPO-PEO, glycol chitosan, PLGA-PEI, and PAMAM dendrimer.

Abbreviations: PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide); PLGA, poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid); PEI, polyethyleneimine; PAMAM, poly(amidoamine).

Table 1 Particle size and zeta potential of nanoparticles incorporating kaempferol (data are an average of three samples)

Nanoparticle	Particle size (nm)	Surface potential (mV)
PLGA	210 ± 40	+0.1 ± 3.4
PEO-PPO-PEO	160 ± 30	+1.4 ± 4.2
Chitosan	230 ± 70	+11.7 ± 5.9
PLGA-PEI	220 ± 50	+34.2 ± 7.9
PAMAM	250 ± 70	+37.2 ± 8.3

Abbreviations: PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly (ethylene oxide); PLGA, poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid); PEI, polyethyleneimine; PAMAM, poly(amidoamine).

Figure 2 Effects of nanoparticles incorporating kaempferol on A2780/CP70 ovarian cancer cells.

Notes: Ovarian cancer cells were seeded in a microplate, incubated overnight, and treated with 25 μM kaempferol for 24 hours. Cell viability was analyzed using an MTS-based method. *P < 0.05 as compared with kaempferol in phosphate-buffered saline solution and control.

Abbreviations: MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; NP, nanoparticle; OD, optical density; PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide); PAMAM, poly(amidoamine); PBS, phosphate-buffered saline solution; PLGA, poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid).

Figure 3 Effects of nanoparticles incorporating kaempferol on OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells.

Notes: OVCAR-3 cells were seeded in a microplate, incubated overnight, and treated with 25 μM kaempferol for 24 hours. Cell viability was analyzed using an MTS-based method. **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 versus control. ^#P < 0.01 versus kaempferol in phosphate-buffered saline solution.

Abbreviations: NP, nanoparticle; OD, optical density; PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide); PAMAM, poly(amidoamine); PBS, phosphate-buffered saline solution; PLGA, poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid).

Figure 4 Effects of PEO-PPO-PEO and PLGA nanoparticles incorporating kaempferol on OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells and immortalized IOSE397 epithelial ovarian cells at (A) 10 μM and (B) 25 μM. Ovarian cells were seeded in microplates, incubated overnight, and treated with kaempferol or its nanoparticles for 24 hours.

Notes: Viability of cells was measured using an MTS-based method. Data represent the mean ± standard error of the mean from a minimum of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus kaempferol in phosphate-buffered saline solution. ^#P < 0.01 versus PLGA nanoparticles incorporating kaempferol in treating the same cell type.

Abbreviations: MTS, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline solution; NP, nanoparticle; PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide); PLGA, poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid).

Table 2 Summary of the effects of PEO-PPO-PEO and PLGA nanoparticles incorporating kaempferol on cancerous and normal ovarian cells studied

Cell	Kaempferol-PLGA NP	Kaempferol-PEO-PPO-PEO NP
Cancer cell
A2780/CP70	§	¶
OVCAR-3	¶	¶*
Normal cell
IOSE397	**	¶^

Notes:

¶ Significant reduction in viability compared with kaempferol in PBS;

§ notable reduction (P = 0.07) in viability compared with kaempferol in PBS;

** no significant difference in viability compared with kaempferol in PBS;

* significant reduction in viability at a low concentration (ie, 10 μM) but not at a high concentration (ie, 25 μM) compared with kaempferol-PLGA nanoparticles;

^ significant reduction in viability versus kaempferol-PLGA nanoparticles.

Abbreviations: PEO-PPO-PEO, poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)- poly(ethylene oxide); PLGA, poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid); NP, nanoparticle; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline solution.