Effects of chitosan and water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles in obese rats fed a high-fat diet

Figures & data

Figure 1 Effects of chitosan and water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles on body weight gain in rats (n = 10).

Abbreviations: CTS, chitosan; CTS-MP, chitosan microparticles; CTS-NP, chitosan nanoparticles; HF, high-fat diet; NF, normal fat diet; WSC, water-soluble chitosan; WSC-MP, water-soluble chitosan microparticles; WSC-NP, water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles.

Figure 2 Effects of (A) chitosan and (B) water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles on food intake in rats (n = 10).

Abbreviations: CTS, chitosan; CTS-MP, chitosan microparticles; CTS-NP, chitosan nanoparticles; HF, high-fat diet; NF, normal fat diet; WSC, water-soluble chitosan; WSC-MP, water-soluble chitosan microparticles; WSC-NP, water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles.

Figure 3 Effects of chitosan and water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles on liver weight in rats (n = 10).

Abbreviations: CTS, chitosan; CTS-MP, chitosan microparticles; CTS-NP, chitosan nanoparticles; HF, high-fat diet; NF, normal fat diet; WSC, water-soluble chitosan; WSC-MP, water-soluble chitosan microparticles; WSC-NP, water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles.

Figure 4 Effects of chitosan and water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles on adipose tissues in rats (n = 10).

Abbreviations: CTS, chitosan; CTS-MP, chitosan microparticles; CTS-NP, chitosan nanoparticles; HF, high-fat diet; NF, normal fat diet; WSC, water-soluble chitosan; WSC-MP, water-soluble chitosan microparticles; WSC-NP, water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles.

Table 1 Effects of chitosan and water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles on serum lipids in rats fed a high-fat diet

Groups	TC (mmol/L)	TG (mmol/L)	HDL-C (mmol/L)	LDL-C (mmol/L)
NF	2.47 ± 0.058^a	1.29 ± 0.084^a	1.78 ± 0.077^a	1.15 ± 0.063^a
HF	2.70 ± 0.118^b	1.60 ± 0.090^b	1.96 ± 0.109^b	1.23 ± 0.047^b
CTS	2.39 ± 0.051^a	1.24 ± 0.089^a	1.52 ± 0.032^c	1.06 ± 0.075^a
WSC	2.42 ± 0.097^a	1.15 ± 0.088^a,c	1.36 ± 0.131^c	0.96 ± 0.055^a
CTS-MP	2.43 ± 0.080^a	1.41 ± 0.108^a,b	1.54 ± 0.207^c	1.03 ± 0.120^a
WSC-MP	1.64 ± 0.087^c	1.49 ± 0.099^a,b	1.43 ± 0.057^c	0.93 ± 0.065^a
CTS-NP	2.39 ± 0.270^a	0.94 ± 0.130^c	1.39 ± 0.13^c	1.11 ± 0.160^a
WSC-NP	2.12 ± 0.022^a	1.57 ± 0.108^b	1.31 ± 0.054^c	1.01 ± 0.061^a

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 10); values marked by the different letters within a column are significantly different (P < 0.05).

Abbreviations: CTS, chitosan; CTS-MP, chitosan microparticles; CTS-NP, chitosan nanoparticles; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF, high-fat diet; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NF, normal fat diet; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triacylglycerol; WSC, water-soluble chitosan; WSC-MP, water-soluble chitosan microparticles; WSC-NP, water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles.

Table 2 Determination of chitosan micro- and nanoparticles median lethal dose in rats

Samples	Dose group (mg/kg)	Number	Mortality	Mortality rate
CTS	1000	5	0	15%
	2150	5	0
	4640	5	1
	10,000	5	2
CTS-MP	1000	5	1	30%
	2150	5	0
	4640	5	2
	10,000	5	3
CTS-NP	1000	5	0	30%
	2150	5	0
	4640	5	2
	10,000	5	4

Abbreviations: CTS, chitosan; CTS-MP, chitosan microparticles; CTS-NP, chitosan nanoparticles.

Table 3 Determination of water-soluble chitosan micro- and nanoparticles median lethal dose in rats

Samples	Dose group (mg/kg)	Number	Mortality	Mortality rate
WSC	1000	5	0	30%
	2150	5	0
	4640	5	2
	10,000	5	4
WSC-MP	1000	5	2	55%
	2150	5	2
	4640	5	2
	10,000	5	5
WSC-NP	1000	5	2	65%
	2150	5	1
	4640	5	5
	10,000	5	5

Abbreviations: WSC, water-soluble chitosan; WSC-MP, water-soluble chitosan microparticles; WSC-NP, water-soluble chitosan nanoparticles.