Figures & data
Figure 1 Pseudoternary phase diagrams of the BSA NEDDS, composed of the following constituents: oil, isopropyl myristate; surfactant, Cremophor EL-35; and cosurfactant, propylene glycol; drug-loading value was 45 mg/mL. (A) Surfactant and cosurfactant mixture ratio (Smix), 1:1; (B) Smix, 2:1; (C) Smix, 3:1.
Note: The red area represents the nanoemulsion delivery system region.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system; IPM, isopropyl myristate.
Figure 2 (A–D) Characteristics of the BSA NEDDS. (A) Transmission electron micrograph of the BSA NEDDS; (B) atomic force microscopy; (C) particle-size distribution; (D) zeta-potential distribution.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Figure 3 (A and B) Effect of the different conditions on the BSA NEDDS. (A) Effect of particle size on the increasing temperature of the BSA NEDDS; (B) Effect particle size and zeta potential on the increasing pH values of the BSA NEDDS.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Figure 4 (A–F) Long-term stability results for the BSA NEDDS. (A) Particle size; (B) polydispersity index; (C) conductivity; (D) zeta potential; (E) electrophoresis mobility; (F) melting point.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Figure 5 (A and B) Long-term stability results for BSA in the NEDDS. (A) Primary structural integrity changes in BSA in the NEDDS when stored at room temperature for 180 days. Lane 1, BSA aqueous solution; lane 2, BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 30 days; lane 3, BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 60 days; lane 4, BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 90 days; lane 5, BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 180 days; lane 6, BSA aqueous solution stored at room temperature for 30 days; lane 7, BSA aqueous solution stored at room temperature for 60 days; lane 8, BSA aqueous solution placed at room temperature for 90 days; lane 9, BSA aqueous solution stored at room temperature for 180 days; lane 10, prestained protein ladder. (B) Relative content and bioactivity of the BSA in the nanoemulsion delivery system stored at room temperature for 180 days.
Note: No obvious changes in relative content and bioactivity were observed between the fresh samples and BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 30, 90, and 180 days. Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Figure 6 (A and B) Primary structural integrity and specificity results for the BSA in the NEDDS. (A) Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of BSA; (B) Western bolt analysis of BSA. Lane 1, supernatant of blank nanoemulsion; lane 2, precipitate of blank nanoemulsion; lane 3, supernatant of blank emulsion; lane 4, precipitate of blank emulsion; lane 5, prestained protein ladder; lane 6, supernatant of the BSA nanoemulsion; lane 7, precipitate BSA nanoemulsion; lane 8, supernatant of BSA emulsion; lane 9, precipitate of BSA emulsion; lane 10, BSA aqueous solution.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Figure 7 (A–D) Secondary structural spectra of the BSA in the NEDDS. (A) BSA aqueous solution; (B) BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 30 days; (C) BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 90 days; (D) BSA NEDDS stored at room temperature for 180 days.
Note: Arrows represent BSA absorption peaks.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Figure 8 Secondary structural integrity results for the BSA in the NEDDS.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
Table 1 Fourier transform infrared spectra results of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoemulsion drug-delivery system (NEDDS)
Figure 9 (A–D) Tertiary structural integrity results of the BSA in the NEDDS. Note: Arrows represent BSA absorption peaks.
Abbreviations: BSA, bovine serum albumin; NEDDS, nanoemulsion drug-delivery system.
