Gold and silver nanoparticles from Trianthema decandra: synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties

Figures & data

Table 1 Nanoparticles synthesized from different plants and their size range

Number	Plant material used	Metal nanoparticle	Particle size (nm)	Reference
1	Aloe vera	Ag and Au	15.2	^Citation11
2	Carica papaya	Ag	60–80	^Citation12
3	Magnolia kobus	Au	5–300	^Citation13
4	Diospyros kaki	Au	5–300	^Citation13
5	Medicago sativa	Ag	86–108	^Citation14
6	Medicago sativa	Au	15–200	^Citation15
7	Azadirachta indica	Ag and Au	50–100	^Citation16
8	Pelargonium graveolens	Au	21–70	^Citation17
9	Chilopsis linearis	Au	1.1	^Citation18
10	Tamarindus indica	Au	20–40	^Citation19

Figure 1 Optical photograph of colloidal solution of (A) Trianthema decandra root extract, (B) HAuCl₄ solution reduced with 5 mL of T. decandra extract, (C) HAuCl₄ solution reduced with 10 mL of T. decandra extract, and (D) HAuCl₄ solution reduced with 15 mL of T. decandra extract.

Figure 2 Optical photograph of colloidal solution of (A) Trianthema decandra root extract, (B) AgNO₃ solution reduced with 5 mL of T. decandra extract, (C) AgNO₃ solution reduced with 10 mL of T. decandra extract, and (D) AgNO₃ solution reduced with 15 mL of T. decandra extract.

Figure 3 Ultraviolet-visible bioreduction kinetics in the 20–800 nm range for colloidal HAuCl₄ solution with 5 mL of Trianthema decandra root extract (A), 10 mL of T. decandra root extract (B), and 15 mL of T. decandra root extract (C).

Figure 4 Ultraviolet-visible bioreduction kinetics in the 200–800 nm range for colloidal AgNO₃ solution with 5 mL of Trianthema decandra root extract (A), 10 mL of T. decandra root extract (B), and 15 mL of T. decandra root extract (C).

Figure 5 Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra for nanoparticles synthesized by bioreduction of HAuCl₄ ions using Trianthema decandra root extract.

Figure 6 Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra for nanoparticles synthesized by bioreduction of AgNO₃ ions using Trianthema decandra root extract.

Figure 7 Scanning electron micrographs of gold nanoparticles observed from the reaction of Au³⁺ cations with Trianthema decandra root extract.

Figure 8 Scanning electron micrographs of silver nanoparticles observed from reaction of Ag⁺ cations with Trianthema decandra root extract.

Figure 9 Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles synthesized by Trianthema decandra root extract.

Figure 10 Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Trianthema decandra root extract.

Table 2 Mean zone of inhibition of synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles from T. decandra

	AuNPs	AgNPs	Positive control	Negative control	Water extract^Citation23
Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm)
Enterococcus faecalis	10.5 ± 0.7^c	14.0 ± 1.4^b	19.5 ± 0.7^a	–	–
Staphylococcus aureus	14.5 ± 0.7^b	13.5 ± 0.7^b	29.0 ± 0.7^a	–	–
Streptococcus faecalis	13.5 ± 0.7^c	15.5 ± 0.7^b	19.5 ± 0.7^a	–	–
Bacillus subtilis	9.5 ± 0.7^c	12.0 ± 1.4^b	25.5 ± 0.7^a	–	2 ± 0.7^d
Yersinia enterocolitica	15.5 ± 0.7^c	17.5 ± 0.7^b	29.0 ± 1.4^a	–	3 ± 0.7^d
Proteus vulgaris	15.0 ± 1.4^c	20.5 ± 0.7^b	25.0 ± 1.4^a	–	3 ± 0.7^d
Escherichia coli	9.5 ± 0.7^c	15.5 ± 0.7^b	25.5 ± 0.7^a	–	4 ± 0.7^d
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	11.5 ± 0.7^c	14.5 ± 0.7^b	27.5 ± 0.7^a	–	3 ± 0.7^d
Candida albicans	8.5 ± 0.7^c	14.5 ± 0.7^b	22.5 ± 0.7^a	–	2 ± 0.7^d

Notes: Values are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (n = 3), and values followed by same letter are not significantly different at the P < 0.05 as determined by the Duncan’s multiple range test. Positive control was chloramphenicol/nystatin; negative control was dimethyl sulfoxide; –, indicates no inhibition.

Abbreviations: AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; AgNPs, silver nanoparticles.

Figure 11 Activity of gold nanoparticles against different microorganisms depicting zones of inhibition of (A) positive control. (B) gold nanoparticles, and (C) dimethylsulfoxide control.

Figure 12 Activity of silver nanoparticles against different micro-organisms depicting zones of inhibition of (A) positive control. (B) silver nanoparticles, and (C) dimethylsulfoxide control.

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