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Original Research

Development of novel cationic chitosan-and anionic alginate–coated poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for controlled release and light protection of resveratrol

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Pages 5501-5516 | Published online: 17 Oct 2012

Figures & data

Figure 1 Chemical structure of RSV, PLGA, CS, and Alg, and schematic representation of the nanoprototypes.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate.

Figure 1 Chemical structure of RSV, PLGA, CS, and Alg, and schematic representation of the nanoprototypes.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate.

Table 1 Theoretical composition of RSV-loaded NPs

Figure 2 SEM images of PLGA (A), PLGA-CS1 (B), PLGA-CS2 (C), PLGA-CS3 (D), PLGA-Alg1 (E), PLGA-Alg2 (F), and PLGA-Alg3 (G) RSV-loaded NPs.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 2 SEM images of PLGA (A), PLGA-CS1 (B), PLGA-CS2 (C), PLGA-CS3 (D), PLGA-Alg1 (E), PLGA-Alg2 (F), and PLGA-Alg3 (G) RSV-loaded NPs.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 3 Mean diameter (A) and zeta potential (B) of uncoated PLGA NPs (PLGA) and NPs coated with different amounts (5.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mg) of CS and Alg.

Notes: *Significantly different from the PLGA; #significantly different from other CS-coated NPs.

Abbreviations: PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 3 Mean diameter (A) and zeta potential (B) of uncoated PLGA NPs (PLGA) and NPs coated with different amounts (5.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mg) of CS and Alg.Notes: *Significantly different from the PLGA; #significantly different from other CS-coated NPs.Abbreviations: PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 4 RSV loading content (A) and encapsulation efficiencies (B) of uncoated PLGA NPs and nanosystems coated with different amounts (5.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mg) of CS and Alg.

Notes: *Significantly different from the PLGA; #significantly different from other CS-coated NPs; §significantly different from other Alg coated-NPs.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 4 RSV loading content (A) and encapsulation efficiencies (B) of uncoated PLGA NPs and nanosystems coated with different amounts (5.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mg) of CS and Alg.Notes: *Significantly different from the PLGA; #significantly different from other CS-coated NPs; §significantly different from other Alg coated-NPs.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 5 (A) Raman spectra of RSV, PLGA, CS, and Alg (raw materials); (B) PLGA, PLGA-CS3, and PLGA-Alg3 RSV loaded NPs.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 5 (A) Raman spectra of RSV, PLGA, CS, and Alg (raw materials); (B) PLGA, PLGA-CS3, and PLGA-Alg3 RSV loaded NPs.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 6 DSC curves of (A) pure CS and Alg, (B) pure RSV and PLGA, (C) uncoated PLGA, PLGA-CS3, and PLGA-Alg3 NPs, and (D) physical mixture of PLGA/RSV, PLGA/CS/RSV and PLGA/Alg/RSV.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 6 DSC curves of (A) pure CS and Alg, (B) pure RSV and PLGA, (C) uncoated PLGA, PLGA-CS3, and PLGA-Alg3 NPs, and (D) physical mixture of PLGA/RSV, PLGA/CS/RSV and PLGA/Alg/RSV.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 7 (A and B) Swelling index of different NPs as a function of time in PBS solution (pH 7.4, 37°C).

Abbreviations: PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); NPs, nanoparticles; PBS, phosphate-buiffered saline.

Figure 7 (A and B) Swelling index of different NPs as a function of time in PBS solution (pH 7.4, 37°C).Abbreviations: PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); NPs, nanoparticles; PBS, phosphate-buiffered saline.

Figure 8 (A and B) In vitro release profiles (PBS, pH 7.4, 37°C) of RSV from NPs.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.

Figure 8 (A and B) In vitro release profiles (PBS, pH 7.4, 37°C) of RSV from NPs.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); PBS, phosphate-buffered saline.

Table 2 Coefficient of determination (R2) and release exponent (n) of kinetic data analysis of RSV release from different polymeric nanoparticles

Figure 9 The retention percentage of unencapsulated RSV and uncoated PLGA, PLGA-CS1, PLGA-CS3, PLGA-Alg1, and PLGA-Alg3 NPs exposed to UV lamp for 120 minutes.

Notes: *Significantly different from the free RSV; #significantly different from PLGA; §significantly different from other CS-coated NPs; °significantly different from other Alg-coated NPs.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate, NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 9 The retention percentage of unencapsulated RSV and uncoated PLGA, PLGA-CS1, PLGA-CS3, PLGA-Alg1, and PLGA-Alg3 NPs exposed to UV lamp for 120 minutes.Notes: *Significantly different from the free RSV; #significantly different from PLGA; §significantly different from other CS-coated NPs; °significantly different from other Alg-coated NPs.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate, NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 10 RSV loading content of uncoated PLGA NPs and nanosystems coated with different amounts (5.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mg) of CS and Alg after 6 months of storage at 4°C.

Notes: *Significantly different from PLGA; #significantly different from other CS-coated NPs; §significantly different from other Alg-coated NPs.

Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 10 RSV loading content of uncoated PLGA NPs and nanosystems coated with different amounts (5.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mg) of CS and Alg after 6 months of storage at 4°C.Notes: *Significantly different from PLGA; #significantly different from other CS-coated NPs; §significantly different from other Alg-coated NPs.Abbreviations: RSV, trans-(E)-resveratrol; PLGA, poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide); CS, chitosan; Alg, alginate; NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 11 (A) HPLC chromatograms of RSV (trans-resveratrol) before (a) and after exposure to UV for 30 minutes (b) and 120 minutes (c). (B) UV-Vis spectra of trans- and cis-resveratrol conversion induced by UV exposure.

Abbreviations: HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; UV-Vis, UV visible.

Figure 11 (A) HPLC chromatograms of RSV (trans-resveratrol) before (a) and after exposure to UV for 30 minutes (b) and 120 minutes (c). (B) UV-Vis spectra of trans- and cis-resveratrol conversion induced by UV exposure.Abbreviations: HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; UV-Vis, UV visible.