Advances in the Study of Bioactive Nanoparticles for the Treatment of HCC and Its Postoperative Residual Cancer

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of NPs acting on tumor cells. Reprinted with permission from Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).

Abbreviation: NPs, nanoparticles.

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of NPs and chemotherapy for HCC. NPs, nanoparticles. iRGD, Peptide chain of the amino acid sequence CRGDK/RGPD/EC. GSH, glutathione. PARP-1, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. ABT-888, PARP-1 inhibitor. Reprinted with permission from Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).

Abbreviations: TMZ, temozolomide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ATO, arsenic trioxide; Dnmt, DNA methyltransferases; GSDEM, gasdermin-E; Cyt C, cytochrome C; ORI, oridonin; TP, triptolide; TAP/FP, redox-sensitive PLGA nano-NPs; APDTKTQ, a peptide Ala-Pro-Asp-Thr-Lys-Thr-Gln; RAGE, the receptor of advanced glycation end-products; ART, Artesunate.

Table 1 Photothermal Therapy

NPs	Mechanism	References
DOX-Fe3O4@CGA	Adsorb photons and convert them into heat.
	Producing reactive oxygen species (ROS).	[50]
SPION	Induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in tumor cells.
	Protect small interfering RNA (siRNA),
	Improve the heating efficiency of π -π conjugation.
	Induce apoptosis.	[51–53]
SPIO @ AuNP- AD-MSCs	Transfection of AD-MSCs.
	Thermally ablate surrounding liver cancer tumor cells.	[54]

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of Altered Gene Expression Levels of HCC. Reprinted with permission from Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).

Abbreviations: NPs, nanoparticles; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VEGDF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors; RGD, the exposed arginine-glycine-aspartic tripeptide; P-gp, p-glycoprotein; FA-CS, folic acid-chitosan nanoparticles; Gal-CMCS- Fe₃O₄ -NPs, galactosylated carboxymethyl chitosan-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; RASSF1A, Ras-related region family 1A.

Table 2 Combination Therapy and Other Treatment Modalities

NPs	Mechanism	References
MSN@Sora-ICG	Increase the secretion of IFN-G from CD8+ T cells.
	Enhance the number of immune cells.
	Reduce angiogenesis.	[67]
Sora/ siVEGF@MSNs-LA	Target the induction of S-cell cycle arrest.
	Enhance the anti-cancer effect of Sora and siVEGF.	[68]
SEHPA	Promote the uptake of Sora.
	Inhibit the expression of EGFR.
	Downstream PI3K-Akt pathway.
	Inhibit angiogenesis.
	Achieve efficient EGFR gene therapy.	[69]
GC-FU@miRNA-122	Improve blood salt stability.
	Induce apoptosis.
	Inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells.	[71]
PLGA-PEG@Sora/ mestinon	Enhanced the delivery and accumulation of anticancer drugs at the tumor site.	[73]
NGO-PEG-PEI/Cer	Inhibiting tumor growth.
	Improving survival time.
	Inactivating MDR and Akt signaling.	[74]
MHA	Enhanced targeting effects and pro-apoptotic and tumor suppressive effects.	[75]
PLGA-CA	Increase the adhesion of NPs to cells.
	Accelerate the intracellularization of NPs,
	Inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells.	[76]
rGO-Ag	Susceptible to the influence of lipid peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.
	Decreased the GSH level.
	Damage DNA.	[77]

Figure 4 Mechanisms of the development of postoperative residual carcinoma in HCC. Factors such as surgical anesthesia, altered immune status, surgical stimulation, tumor cell entry, inadequate resection, and altered tumor microenvironment provide survival opportunities for postoperative participating tumors and are important mechanisms for the development of postoperative residual carcinoma in HCC. Reprinted with permission from Figdraw (www.figdraw.com).

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