Evaluation of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Vegetable Waste

Figures & data

Figure 1 UV visible absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles. (A) Potato peel extracts; (B) coriander stem extract.

Figure 2 SEM images of silver nanoparticles. (A) Potato peel extracts; (B) coriander stem extract.

Figure 3 XRD analysis silver nanoparticles. (A) Potato peel extracts; (B) coriander stem extract.

Figure 4 Total phenolic contents of nanoparticles and control extracts. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. **p<0.01.

Figure 5 Total flavonoid contents of nanoparticles and control extracts. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. **p< 0.01.

Figure 6 Comparative analysis of antioxidant activity of AgNPs and crude extracts. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. **p< 0.01.

Table 1 Antibacterial Activity and MIC Values of Potato Peels, Coriander Stem and AgNPs

Extracts (mg/mL)	Diameter of Zone of Inhibition in mm (Mean ± SD)* (MIC: µg/mL)
	Samples	S. A	MIC	B. S	MIC	P. A	MIC	K. P	MIC	E. C	MIC
Potato peels
5mg/20mL	AgNPs	13±0.45	33.3	9±0.21	--	14±0.76	100	20±0.76	100	22±0.54	34.3
	C	5±0.15	--	7±0.7	--	5±0.15	--	7±0.50	--	8±0.15	--
10mg/20mL	AgNPs	16±0.36	--	13±0.31	33.3	8±0.21	--	16±0.96	100	16±0.31	100
	C	10±0.17	--	8±0.5	--	5±0.15	--	12±0.58	33.3	10±0.58	--
15mg/20mL	AgNPs	16±0.31	100	18±0.5	100	11±0.25	--	15±0.61	100	19±0.50	63.1
	C	9±0.32	--	11±0.3	--	7±0.33	--	12±0.29	33.3	16 ± 0.50	100
Coriander Stems
5mg/20mL	AgNPs	9±0.9	--	9±0.5	100	7±0.31	--	7±0.55	--	10±0.41	--
	C	9±0.28	--	3±0.3	--	5±0.13	--	6±0.87	--	6±0.51	--
10mg/20mL	AgNPs	20±0.71	41.7	12±0.5	--	9±0.34	--	18±0.61	100	20±0.86	57.4
	C	9±0.36	--	10±0.8	100	7±0.10	--	9±0.76	--	13±0.50	100
15mg/20mL	AgNPs	13±0.12	100	9±0.5	3.7	6±0.55	--	21±0.3	61.3	14±0.5	3.7
	C	10±0.31	--	6±0.5	--	6±0.31	--	7±0.35	--	9±0.50	--
Rox	23±0.54	1.11	17±0.3	3.33	--	--	--	--	--	--
Cefix	--	--	--	--	--	22±0.89	1.11	20±1.2	1.11	20±1.5	3.33
DMSO	--	--		--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--

Notes: *The sample concentration was 100µg per disc. Values (mean ± SD) are the average of the triplicate analysis of each plant extract (n value of 1×3). – = No activity. Samples showing a zone of inhibition ≥12 mm are not applicable for MIC determination.

Abbreviations: S. A, Staphylococcus aureus; B. S, Bacillus subtilis; P. A, Pseudomonas aeruginos; K. P, Klebsiella pneumoniae; E. C, Escherichia coli.

Table 2 Antifungal Activity and MIC Values of Potato Peels, Coriander Stem and AgNPs

Extracts (mg/mL)	Samples	A. flavus	MIC	A. fumigatus	MIC	Mucor sp.	MIC	F. solani	MIC
Potato peels
5mg/20mL	AgNPs	9±0.25	43.3	12±0.12	--	11±0.67	100	11±0.76	--
	C	6±0.13	--	8±0.3	--	6±0.15	100	8±0.50	--
10mg/20mL	AgNPs	15±0.2	24.3	11±0.14	31.3	7±0.12	--	11±0.96	100
	C	9±0.13	--	7±0.4	--	5±0.15	100	13±0.85	100
15mg/20mL	AgNPs	11±0.13	100	13±0.4	100	11±0.25	--	11±0.16	100
	C	8±0.23	--	10±0.3	--	7±0.33	--	6±0.92	--
Coriander Stems
5mg/20mL	AgNPs	10±0.7	--	11±0.3	100	8±0.13	--	7±0.34	100
	C	6±0.82	100	5±0.5	--	6±0.65	--	4±0.78	--
10mg/20mL	AgNPs	11±0.51	100	13±0.3	--	8±0.11	--	19±0.31	13.7
	C	5±0.63	--	7±0.17	100	7±0.13	--	7±0.49	--
15mg/20mL	AgNPs	10±0.21	100	10±0.34	100	8±0.87	--	11±0.18	100
	C	7±0.13	--	6±37	--	3±0.83	--	4±0.35	--
Controls
Clotrim		22±0.89	1.11	20±1.2	1.11	20±1.5	1.11	21±0.6	1.11
DMSO	--	--		--	--	--	--	--	--

Notes: Mean ± SD are the average of the triplicate of each test sample (n value of 1×3). – value of No activity in disc diffusion assay Clotrim = Clotrimazole.

Figure 7 Comparative analysis of cytotoxic activity of AgNPs and crude extracts. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *^/#p < 0.05, **p< 0.01.

Figure 8 Comparative analysis of cytotoxicity activity of AgNPs and crude extracts on HEp2 Cell lines. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *^/#p< 0.05, **p<0.01.

Figure 9 Comparative analysis of antitumor activity of AgNPs and crude extract. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *^/#p< 0.05, **p< 0.01.

Table 3 Protein Kinase Inhibition Potential of Potato Peels, Coriander Stem and AgNPs

Plant Name	Samples	Numerical Value	Activity
Potato Peels	NP	11	Clear
	C	5	NA
Coriander Stems	NP	49	Bald
	C	5	NA

Notes: DMSO: negative control; Surfactin: positive control (20 µg/disc; 16 mm zone).

Figure 10 Comparison of α-amylase inhibition of various concentrations of AgNPs and crude extracts. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD.