Innovative Diagnosis and Therapeutic Modalities: Engineered Exosomes in Autoimmune Disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 Parental cells (left) release exosomes, which carry bioactive molecules to the surrounding environment. Exosomes, characterized as small vesicles adorned with molecular markers, mediate the transfer of molecules such as miRNA and proteins to target cells. This interaction occurs through binding to surface receptors on the target cells or by means of endocytosis, subsequently initiating a cascade of signal transduction pathways that modulate the functions of the target cells. This process leads to immune regulation, inflammation suppression, and other biological responses.

Table 1 The Application of Engineered Exosomes in Immunotherapy

Source	Modification Strategy	Cargo	Effects and Mechanisms
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells	Surface modification	Photocrosslinked spherical gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel encapsulated cartilage affinity WYRGRL peptide^Citation20	Strengthen the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factor IL-1β
Placental mesenchymal stem cells	Surface modification	Exosomes were encapsulated with N- (2-hydroxy) propyl-3-trimethyl chitosan ammonium chloride and oxidized konjac glucomannan polysaccharide^Citation21	Inhibition of MAPK / NF-κB signaling pathway enhances anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effects
Macrophages	Surface modification	Modified with both oligolysine and matrix metalloproteinase -cleavable polyethylene glycol on the membrane^Citation22	Strengthen the removal of cfDNA and promote macrophage polarization to M2 type
Chondrocyte	Membrane fusion	The chondrocyte affinity peptide was fused with the lysosomal associated membrane glycoprotein 2b protein on the surface of exosomes^Citation23	Delivery of miR-140, inhibition of cartilage-degrading proteases and alleles
Placental mesenchymal stem cells	Membrane fusion	SFBP-Gluc-MS2 was constructed by silk fibroin binding peptide, and related SGM-Exos, miR-146a-Exos and SGM-miR146a-Exos were isolated^Citation24	Effectively load miR-146a to promote chronic wound healing
Exosomes	Cargo loading	Loading OVA antigen^Citation25	Regulating CD8 + T cell immune response
Fibroblasts	Cargo loading	Loading Tripterygium wilfordii^Citation26	Reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-18 and IL-1αHelp exosomes escape the phagocytosis of MPS macrophages
B cells	Electroporation	Loading miR-155^Citation27	The expression of TNF-α decreased;Effectively prevent the inflammatory induction of LPS
Adipose mesenchymal stem cells	Gene engineering	Overexpression of miR-132 by lentivirus transduction^Citation28	Inhibition of NF-κB p65 and IκB phosphorylation Promote macrophage polarization to M2 phenotype
Mesenchymal stem cells	Gene engineering	Overexpression of miR-124a^Citation29	Reduce inflammation score MH7A, RA FLSs cell lines, proliferation-related expression decreased
Umbilical vein endothelial cells	Gene engineering	Pretreatment of parental cells with TNF-α^Citation30	The expression level of miR-200a-3p increased through the miR-200a-3p / KLF6 / VEGFA axis.
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells	Gene engineering	Overexpression of miR-146a-5p^Citation31	MiR-146a-5p acts on M1 to reduce inflammationReduce NOTCH1 expression to accelerate M2 macrophage polarization

Figure 2 Purified exosomes extracted from parent cells are subjected to genetic engineering and other modification methods to obtain engineered exosomes, which are then targetedly delivered to the site of action.

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