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Original Research

A novel preparation method for drug nanocrystals and characterization by ultrasonic spray-assisted electrostatic adsorption

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Pages 3927-3936 | Published online: 11 Oct 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1 A brief representation of the crystallization apparatus.

Abbreviation: AMT, amitriptyline.

Figure 1 A brief representation of the crystallization apparatus.Abbreviation: AMT, amitriptyline.

Figure 2 Nano-AMT · HCl deposition in the electrical precipitator.

Notes: (A) Nano-AMT · HCl deposition in the electrical precipitator. (B) The center negative electrode. (C) Samples collected from the electrical precipitator.

Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride.

Figure 2 Nano-AMT · HCl deposition in the electrical precipitator.Notes: (A) Nano-AMT · HCl deposition in the electrical precipitator. (B) The center negative electrode. (C) Samples collected from the electrical precipitator.Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride.

Figure 3 Characterization of raw AMT · HCl and nano-AMT · HCl.

Notes: Scanning electron microscopic images of (A) raw AMT · HCl; (B) raw AMT · HCl after ultrasonic wave dispersion for 30 minutes; (C) nano-AMT · HCl after ultrasonic wave dispersion for 30 minutes; and (D) magnification of the red flag area of (C).

Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; EHT, extra-high tension; Mag, magnification.

Figure 3 Characterization of raw AMT · HCl and nano-AMT · HCl.Notes: Scanning electron microscopic images of (A) raw AMT · HCl; (B) raw AMT · HCl after ultrasonic wave dispersion for 30 minutes; (C) nano-AMT · HCl after ultrasonic wave dispersion for 30 minutes; and (D) magnification of the red flag area of (C).Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; EHT, extra-high tension; Mag, magnification.

Figure 4 Size distribution of nano-AMT · HCl particles.

Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride.

Figure 4 Size distribution of nano-AMT · HCl particles.Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride.

Figure 5 Characterization of nano-AMT · HCl.

Notes: (A) Global AFM-registration of nano-AMT · HCl, and (B) three-dimensional image of nano-AMT · HCl by dispersing the nanoparticles in a nonsolvent diethyl ether.

Abbreviations: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; AFM, atomic force microscope.

Figure 5 Characterization of nano-AMT · HCl.Notes: (A) Global AFM-registration of nano-AMT · HCl, and (B) three-dimensional image of nano-AMT · HCl by dispersing the nanoparticles in a nonsolvent diethyl ether.Abbreviations: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; AFM, atomic force microscope.

Figure 6 Height measurements on different nano-AMT · HCl particles.

Notes: Atomic force microscope of (A and C) elementary particles of about 40–90 nm (66 nm, 67 nm, and 86 nm surfaces analyzed from left to right), and (B and D) agglomerates of about 100–400 nm (360 nm, 291 nm, 188 nm, 274 nm, and 205 nm surfaces analyzed from left to right).

Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride.

Figure 6 Height measurements on different nano-AMT · HCl particles.Notes: Atomic force microscope of (A and C) elementary particles of about 40–90 nm (66 nm, 67 nm, and 86 nm surfaces analyzed from left to right), and (B and D) agglomerates of about 100–400 nm (360 nm, 291 nm, 188 nm, 274 nm, and 205 nm surfaces analyzed from left to right).Abbreviation: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride.

Figure 7 XRD of raw AMT · HCl and prepared AMT · HCl.

Notes: (A) Patterns of AMT · HCl. (B) Mean size determination of the nanoparticles by XRD.

Abbreviations: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Figure 7 XRD of raw AMT · HCl and prepared AMT · HCl.Notes: (A) Patterns of AMT · HCl. (B) Mean size determination of the nanoparticles by XRD.Abbreviations: AMT · HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; XRD, X-ray diffraction.

Figure 8 DSC curves for raw AMT·HCl and prepared AMT·HCl.

Notes: Sample 1 and sample 2; heating rate: 10°c minute−1. The particle size of sample 2 is about 60 nm (not displayed here).

Abbreviations: AMT·HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry.

Figure 8 DSC curves for raw AMT·HCl and prepared AMT·HCl.Notes: Sample 1 and sample 2; heating rate: 10°c minute−1. The particle size of sample 2 is about 60 nm (not displayed here).Abbreviations: AMT·HCl, amitriptyline hydrochloride; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry.