Potential anticancer properties of bioactive compounds of Gymnema sylvestre and its biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles

Figures & data

Table 1 Phytochemical screening of leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre

Compound	Aqueous extract
Alkaloids	+
Triterpenoids	+
Glycosides	−
Saponins	+
Tannins phenols	+
Flavonoids	+
Steroids	+

Notes: +, present; −, absent.

Table 2 Estimation of phytochemical compounds of leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre

Bioactive compounds	μg/g
Total antioxidanta	9.13±0.04
Flavonoidsb	125.62±26.84
Tanninc	111.53±15.13
Total phenol contentd	285.23±1.11
Free radical scavengingd	52.14±0.32

Notes: All the values given are means of triplicates. Data presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

a Gallic acid equivalent.

b Tannic acid equivalent.

c Quercetin equivalent.

d Catechin equivalent.

Figure 1 Surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles.

Notes: (A) silver nitrate solution; (B) green-synthesized silver nanoparticles in ruby red color after 30 minutes.

Figure 2 Time-dependent absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles after the bioreduction of silver in the aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre.

Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopic image of green silver nanoparticles synthesized by reduction of aqueous AgNO₃ ions using aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre.

Abbreviations: HV, high voltage; WD, working distance; mag, magnification; ETD, Everhart–Thornley detector.

Figure 4 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum of green silver nanoparticles.

Figure 5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles along with the plant extract of Gymnema sylvestre (GS).

Figure 6 X-ray diffraction spectrum of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Table 3 Comparative chart of the characterization of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles using various plant extracts

Plant name	UV–vis peak (nm)	Color change	Shape	Size (nm)	Reaction time	Reference
Camellia sinensis	436	Colorless to light to dark brown	Spherical	4.06	–	Loo et al^Citation57
Dioscorea bulbifera	450	Intense brown coloration	Nano-triangle	8–20	5 h	Ghosh et al^Citation58
Pulicaria glutinosa	427	Light yellow to dark brown	Spherical	40–60	20 h	Khan et al^Citation59
Curcuma longa	415	Colorless to golden yellow	Spherical	3.66–8.94	24 h	Shameli et al^Citation60
Chrysanthemum morifolium	430	Colorless to yellow brown	Spherical	20–50	–	He et al^Citation61
Rhinacanthus nasutus	437	Colorless to yellowish brown	Irregular	22	24 h	Pasupuleti et al^Citation62
Chrysanthemum indicum	435	Colorless to reddish brown	Spherical	37.71–71.99	–	Arokiyaraj et al^Citation63
Chrysopogon zizanioides	420	Colorless to brown color	Cubic	85–110	24 h	Arunachalam and Annamalai^Citation46
Memecylon umbellatum	440	Colorless to brown color	Spherical	15–20	24 h	Arunachalam et al^Citation47
Solanum torvum	430	Yellow to brown color	Spherical	5–50	24 h	Ramamurthy et al^Citation64
Vitex negundo L.	430	Yellowish brown	Spherical	5–47	4 h	Prabhu et al^Citation65
Aloe vera	430	Yellow, golden brown, and brown	Spherical	20	20 min	Zhang et al^Citation66
Ixora coccinea	430	Colorless to brown	Spherical	13–57	12 h	Karuppiah and Rajmohan^Citation67
Adhatoda vasica	421	Blackish brown colored	Spherical	113–633	–	Nazeruddin et al^Citation68
Boerhaavia diffusa	410	Colorless to brown	Spherical	25	–	Vijay Kumar et al^Citation69
Prosopis juliflora	420	Colorless to brown	Cubic	11–19	5 min	Raja et al^Citation70
Catharanthus roseus	410	Colorless to brown yellow	Spherical	35–55	60 min	Ponarulselvam et al^Citation71
Moringa oleifera	420	Yellow to reddish brown	Spherical and pentagonal	40	16 h	Vasanth et al^Citation48
Morinda citrifolia	413	Light yellow to brown	Oval	32–55	12 h	Suman et al^Citation72
Artemisia nilagirica	–	Clear to yellowish brown	Square	70–90	–	Vijay Kumar et al^Citation73
Indigofera aspalathoides	420	Ccolorless to yellow	Square	45–69	8 h	Arunachalam et al^Citation50
Saraca asoca	424	Colorless to brownish gray	Irregular	87–102	24 h	Meenakumari et al^Citation74

Abbreviations: h, hours; min, minutes; UV, ultraviolet; vis, visible spectrum.

Figure 7 Anticancer activity of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Abbreviation: GS, Gymnema sylvestre.

Figure 8 Inverted microscopic image of HT29 (A) control cells, (B) Gymnema sylvestre-treated (85 μg/mL), (C) silver nanoparticle-treated (83 μg/mL), and (D) silver nanoparticle-treated (85 μg/mL) cells.

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