Cytotoxicity and physicochemical characterization of iron–manganese-doped sulfated zirconia nanoparticles

Figures & data

Figure 1 X-ray photoelectron spectra of iron(+3)–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia.

Notes: (A) O²⁻ (1s); (B) Zr⁴⁺ (3d5/2); (C) Fe³⁺ (S 2p); (D) for Fe(111) (2p3/2, 2p1/2); and (E) Mn⁴⁺ (2p3/2, 2p1/2).

Figure 2 Thermogravimetric analysis–differential temperature curves thermograph of the iron(+3)–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia sample.

Figure 3 Fourier transform infrared spectrum of iron(+3)–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia sample.

Notes: (a) Stretching and (b) bending of the OH group; (c) symmetric stretching of the O–S–O bond; and (d) asymmetric stretching frequency of the O=S=O bond.

Figure 4 X-ray diffraction pattern of the Fe³⁺-Mn⁴⁺-SO₄/ZrO₂ sample calcined at 650°C for 5 hours.

Note: (a) Tetragonal phase of zirconia.

Figure 5 Transmission electron microscopy image of the Fe³⁺-Mn⁴⁺-SO₄/ZrO₂ sample calcined at 650°C for 5 hours.

Figure 6 Iron–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia NP and chemotherapeutic effects on the viability of treated cells, which were evaluated through mitochondrial activity using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.

Notes: Mean ± standard deviation (n=3 wells/treatment). *P<0.05 compared with the untreated cells.

Abbreviations: HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; NP, nanoparticle.

Table 1 Comparison of IC₅₀ values for HepG2 cells, HT29 cells, MDD-MB231 cells, Chang cells, and HUVECs obtained from MTT assay following exposure to iron–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia nanoparticles and chemotherapies for 72 hours

Cells	Iron–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia nanoparticles (µg/mL)	Chemotherapies (µg/mL)
HT29	125.31	3.59 (oxaliplatin)
MDA-MB231	28.06	0.27 (doxorubicin)
HepG2	41.26	3.22 (tamoxifen)
Chang	95.13	1.19 (tamoxifen)
HUVECs	193.88	2.47 (tamoxifen)

Abbreviations: HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; IC₅₀, concentration of drug needed to inhibit cell growth by 50%; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.

Figure 7 The morphological changes of HepG2 cells, HT29 cells, MDD-MB231 cells, Chang cells, and HUVECs treated with iron–manganese-promoted sulfated zirconia nanoparticles at their respective IC₅₀ concentrations for 72 hours..

Abbreviations: HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cell; IC₅₀, concentration of drug needed to inhibit cell growth by 50%; NPs, nanoparticles.