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International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 10, 2015 - Issue
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Original Research

Microwave-assisted fibrous decoration of mPE surface utilizing Aloe vera extract for tissue engineering applications

Arunpandian BalajiInstitut Jantung Negara-Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
,
Saravana Kumar JaganathanInstitut Jantung Negara-Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MalaysiaCorrespondence[email protected] [email protected]
,
Eko SupriyantoInstitut Jantung Negara-Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
,
Ida Idayu MuhamadInstitut Jantung Negara-Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
&
Ahmad Zahran Md KhudzariInstitut Jantung Negara-Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Pages 5909-5923 | Published online: 18 Sep 2015

Figures & data

Figure 1 Steps involved in coating of Aloe vera extract on mPE samples.

Abbreviation: mPE, metallocene polyethylene.

Figure 1 Steps involved in coating of Aloe vera extract on mPE samples.Abbreviation: mPE, metallocene polyethylene.

Figure 2 Recorded FTIR spectrum of control and Aloe vera-coated samples.

Notes: (A) Spectrum from 4000–500 cm−1, (B) spectrum from 800–400 cm−1, (C) individual spectrum of substrates at 800–400 cm−1.

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; FTIR, fourier transform infrared.

Figure 2 Recorded FTIR spectrum of control and Aloe vera-coated samples.Notes: (A) Spectrum from 4000–500 cm−1, (B) spectrum from 800–400 cm−1, (C) individual spectrum of substrates at 800–400 cm−1.Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; FTIR, fourier transform infrared.

Figure 3 Mean contact angle values of control and coated samples.

Note: *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 3 Mean contact angle values of control and coated samples.Note: *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 4 Representative contact angle images showing spreading of water droplet on control and coated mPE samples.

Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) 12 hours extract-coated mPE, (C) 24 hours extract-coated mPE.

Abbreviation: mPE, metallocene polyethylene.

Figure 4 Representative contact angle images showing spreading of water droplet on control and coated mPE samples.Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) 12 hours extract-coated mPE, (C) 24 hours extract-coated mPE.Abbreviation: mPE, metallocene polyethylene.

Figure 5 Representative SEM micrographs of control, microwave-treated, and extract-coated mPE samples.

Notes: (A) Pristine mPE at 1,500×, (B) 60 seconds microwave-treated mPE at 2,000×, (C) 12 hours Aloe vera–coated mPE at 1,500×, and (D) 24 hours Aloe vera–coated mPE at 1,500×.

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.

Figure 5 Representative SEM micrographs of control, microwave-treated, and extract-coated mPE samples.Notes: (A) Pristine mPE at 1,500×, (B) 60 seconds microwave-treated mPE at 2,000×, (C) 12 hours Aloe vera–coated mPE at 1,500×, and (D) 24 hours Aloe vera–coated mPE at 1,500×.Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; SEM, scanning electron microscopy.

Figure 6 Hirox 2D images of control, 12 hours extract-coated mPE samples and 24 hours extract-coated mPE samples.

Notes: (A), (B), (C) Images taken at 100× (mPE, A-12 h-mPE and A-24 h-mPE, respectively), (D), (E), (F) Images taken at 500×, (G), (H), (I) Images taken at 1,000×.

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 6 Hirox 2D images of control, 12 hours extract-coated mPE samples and 24 hours extract-coated mPE samples.Notes: (A), (B), (C) Images taken at 100× (mPE, A-12 h-mPE and A-24 h-mPE, respectively), (D), (E), (F) Images taken at 500×, (G), (H), (I) Images taken at 1,000×.Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 7 Hirox 3D images of control and extract-coated mPE samples taken at 1,000×.

Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) A-12 h-mPE, (C) A-24 h-mPE.

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 7 Hirox 3D images of control and extract-coated mPE samples taken at 1,000×.Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) A-12 h-mPE, (C) A-24 h-mPE.Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 8 Hirox 3D images of control and extract-coated mPE samples taken at 1,000× with profiles.

Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) A-12 h-mPE, (C) A-24 h-mPE, (D) outline of crests and troughs in figure (8A, B and C).

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 8 Hirox 3D images of control and extract-coated mPE samples taken at 1,000× with profiles.Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) A-12 h-mPE, (C) A-24 h-mPE, (D) outline of crests and troughs in figure (8A, B and C).Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 9 Representative 3D topographical view of control and 24 hours coated sample obtained by AFM.

Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) A-24 h-mPE.

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; AFM, atomic force microscopy; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 9 Representative 3D topographical view of control and 24 hours coated sample obtained by AFM.Notes: (A) Pristine mPE, (B) A-24 h-mPE.Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; AFM, atomic force microscopy; D, dimensional; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 10 Comparison of activated partial thromboplastin time of control and coated mPE (n=3).

Notes: Values shown are mean ± SD and the difference in mean is significant with P<0.05. *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 10 Comparison of activated partial thromboplastin time of control and coated mPE (n=3).Notes: Values shown are mean ± SD and the difference in mean is significant with P<0.05. *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 11 Comparison of prothrombin time of pristine and extract-coated metallocene polyethylene (n=3).

Note: Values shown are mean ± SD and the difference in mean is significant with P<0.05. *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 11 Comparison of prothrombin time of pristine and extract-coated metallocene polyethylene (n=3).Note: Values shown are mean ± SD and the difference in mean is significant with P<0.05. *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 12 Light microscopic images showing adhered platelets on control and extract-coated mPE.

Notes: (A), (B) Pristine mPE, (C) A-12 h-mPE, (D) A-24 h-mPE.

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 12 Light microscopic images showing adhered platelets on control and extract-coated mPE.Notes: (A), (B) Pristine mPE, (C) A-12 h-mPE, (D) A-24 h-mPE.Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 13 Comparison of absorbance of mPE and Aloe vera-coated metallocene polyethylene (n=3).

Notes: Values are shown in mean ± SD, and differences in the mean are significant (P<0.05). *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

Figure 13 Comparison of absorbance of mPE and Aloe vera-coated metallocene polyethylene (n=3).Notes: Values are shown in mean ± SD, and differences in the mean are significant (P<0.05). *Differences between the mean values is significant with respect to control (P<0.05).Abbreviations: mPE, metallocene polyethylene; A-12 h-mPE, 12 hours Aloe vera-coated; A-24 h-mPE, 24 hours Aloe vera-coated.

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