Figures & data
Figure 1 Characterization of NIR797-labeled NPs.
Notes: (A) Transmission electron microscopic images, (B) particle size distribution, (C) schematic diagram, (D) fluorescence intensity.
Abbreviations: Tf, transferrin; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLL, poly-l-lysine; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); NIR, near-infrared; DNR, daunorubicin; NPs, nanoparticles; SSC-H, side scatter light histogram; FL3-H, fluorescent light 3 histogram.
![Figure 1 Characterization of NIR797-labeled NPs.Notes: (A) Transmission electron microscopic images, (B) particle size distribution, (C) schematic diagram, (D) fluorescence intensity.Abbreviations: Tf, transferrin; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLL, poly-l-lysine; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); NIR, near-infrared; DNR, daunorubicin; NPs, nanoparticles; SSC-H, side scatter light histogram; FL3-H, fluorescent light 3 histogram.](/cms/asset/d3e406ff-06e3-4eb4-a2c3-2fdca62528bd/dijn_a_85587_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2 Photographs showing the appearance of tumor body in tumor-bearing nude mice (A) and tumor size (B) at the end of treatment, relative tumor volume (C), and tumor inhibition rate (D) after the treatment.
Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs.
Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; d, day.
![Figure 2 Photographs showing the appearance of tumor body in tumor-bearing nude mice (A) and tumor size (B) at the end of treatment, relative tumor volume (C), and tumor inhibition rate (D) after the treatment.Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs.Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; d, day.](/cms/asset/d8c8e06a-d246-47ee-8746-0064046fe6bb/dijn_a_85587_f0002_c.jpg)
Figure 3 Histopathological examination of organs and tumor tissues in K562/A02 xenograft model after the treatment (hematoxylin–eosin staining, ×200).
Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs.
Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin.
![Figure 3 Histopathological examination of organs and tumor tissues in K562/A02 xenograft model after the treatment (hematoxylin–eosin staining, ×200).Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs.Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin.](/cms/asset/0c36218b-5826-4818-9982-e46d5ac30ff5/dijn_a_85587_f0003_c.jpg)
Figure 4 Expression of Bax, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and survivin in tumor tissues after the treatment (immunohistochemistry, ×400).
Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs.
Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin.
![Figure 4 Expression of Bax, caspase-3, Bcl-2, and survivin in tumor tissues after the treatment (immunohistochemistry, ×400).Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs.Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin.](/cms/asset/518c4b1a-251d-4e9d-a93a-dcd49af65d4b/dijn_a_85587_f0004_c.jpg)
Figure 5 Expression of TfR, P-gp, MRP, NF-κB mRNAs (A) and proteins (B, C) after the treatment.
Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs. *P<0.05 when compared to DNR-Tet-NPs.
Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; MRP, multidrug resistance protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappaB; TfR, Tf receptor; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
![Figure 5 Expression of TfR, P-gp, MRP, NF-κB mRNAs (A) and proteins (B, C) after the treatment.Notes: (a) Control, (b) DNR, (c) DNR and Tet, (d) DNR-NPs, (e) DNR-Tet-NPs, (f) DNR-Tet-Tf-NPs. *P<0.05 when compared to DNR-Tet-NPs.Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; Tet, tetrandrine; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; MRP, multidrug resistance protein; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappaB; TfR, Tf receptor; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.](/cms/asset/fcad5f46-7c7b-46e6-8e04-b396fe84220e/dijn_a_85587_f0005_c.jpg)
Figure 6 The apoptosis assay on K562 cells after the treatment with NIR797-labeled NPs.
Note: *P<0.05 when compared to control group.
Abbreviations: SSC-H, side scatter light histogram; FL1-H, fluorescent light 1 histogram; AV, annexin V-FITC; DNR, daunorubicin; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; NIR, near-infrared.
![Figure 6 The apoptosis assay on K562 cells after the treatment with NIR797-labeled NPs.Note: *P<0.05 when compared to control group.Abbreviations: SSC-H, side scatter light histogram; FL1-H, fluorescent light 1 histogram; AV, annexin V-FITC; DNR, daunorubicin; NPs, nanoparticles; Tf, transferrin; NIR, near-infrared.](/cms/asset/b3c68289-7f8d-411c-90cb-f63500a7564f/dijn_a_85587_f0006_c.jpg)
Figure 7 K562 cells observed by digital confocal microscope.
Note: The blue arrow demonstrates drug-loaded NPs were endocytosed in necrosis and apoptotic cells.
Abbreviations: NIR, near-infrared; DNR, daunorubicin; Tf, transferrin; NPs, nanoparticles.
![Figure 7 K562 cells observed by digital confocal microscope.Note: The blue arrow demonstrates drug-loaded NPs were endocytosed in necrosis and apoptotic cells.Abbreviations: NIR, near-infrared; DNR, daunorubicin; Tf, transferrin; NPs, nanoparticles.](/cms/asset/33ac9407-675e-4a2d-8cad-36de65d00820/dijn_a_85587_f0007_c.jpg)
Figure 8 NIRF images of K562 cells in vitro (A) and in tumor-bearing mice (B) after the treatment.
Notes: (a) NIR797-labeled DNR-NPs, (b) NIR797-labeled DNR-Tf-NPs. The blue arrow shows the DNR concentration in tumor tissue.
Abbreviations: NIRF, near-infrared fluorescence; DNR, daunorubicin; NPs, nanoparticles; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; h, hour; Tf, transferrin.
![Figure 8 NIRF images of K562 cells in vitro (A) and in tumor-bearing mice (B) after the treatment.Notes: (a) NIR797-labeled DNR-NPs, (b) NIR797-labeled DNR-Tf-NPs. The blue arrow shows the DNR concentration in tumor tissue.Abbreviations: NIRF, near-infrared fluorescence; DNR, daunorubicin; NPs, nanoparticles; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; h, hour; Tf, transferrin.](/cms/asset/966e2c58-e25f-4f6c-94b4-0f6c50b6eb5e/dijn_a_85587_f0008_c.jpg)