Figures & data
Table 1 Retention time, UV-VIS, and MS spectral data for curcuminoid in Curcuma longa Linnaeus
Figure 1 HPLC chromatogram of curcumin from Curcuma longa extract by employing a gradient system of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile.
Notes: Peak 1, bisdemethoxycurcumin; peak 2, demethoxycurcumin; peak 3, curcumin.
Abbreviations: HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IS, internal standard.
Figure 2 Particle size distribution of curcuminoid nanoemulsions.
Notes: Dynamic light scattering analysis (A) and transmission electron micrograph (B).
Figure 3 Relative survival of A549, H460, and BEAS-2B cells.
Notes: Relative survival of the cells as affected by different doses of DMSO (A) and blank nanoemulsions (B) in the medium as determined by MTT assay. Data with different letters in each cell line are significantly different at P<0.05.
Abbreviations: DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.
Figure 4 Inhibition effect of curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract.
Notes: Inhibition effect on the growth of A549 (A), H460 (B), and BEAS-2B (C) cells after 48 hours of treatment as determined by MTT assay. Data with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.
Abbreviation: MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.
Figure 5 Inhibition effect of curcuminoid nanoemulsions stored for 0 and 90 days.
Notes: Inhibition effect on the growth of A549 (A) and H460 (B) cells after 48 hours treatment as determined by MTT assay. Data with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.
Abbreviation: MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.
Figure 6 Morphological changes in A549 lung cancer cells.
Notes: Change after 24 hours (A), and 48 hours (B) of treatment with curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract, as captured using Nikon TS100-F microscope at 10×10 magnification. Control represents the cells incubated with medium only.
Figure 7 Morphological changes in H460 lung cancer cells.
Notes: Change after 24 hours (A), and 48 hours (B) of treatment with curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract, as captured using Nikon TS100-F microscope at 10×10 magnification. Control represents the cells incubated with medium only.
Figure 8 Cell cycle distribution.
Notes: Distribution of A549 (A) and H460 (B) cell lines as affected by curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n=3), different letters within each stage of cell cycle are significantly different at P<0.05.
Figure 9 Apoptosis of A549 cell line.
Notes: Apoptosis as affected by curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract (A) and quantitative analysis of viable cells (Q3) (B), early apoptosis cells (Q4) (C), and late apoptosis cells (Q2) (D). Control represents the cells incubated with medium only. Data with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.
Figure 10 Apoptosis of H460 cell line.
Notes: Apoptosis as affected by curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract (A) and quantitative analysis of viable cells (Q3) (B), early apoptosis cells (Q4) (C), and late apoptosis cells (Q2) (D). Control represents the cells incubated with medium only. Data with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.
Figure 11 Expression of proteins.
Notes: Expression in A549 (A) and H460 (B) cell lines as affected by curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract along with data being presented as mean ± standard deviation (n=3) and different letters within each protein indicating significantly different values at P<0.05. C in each protein expression panel represents cells incubated with medium only. Data are expressed as the relative fold of C.
Abbreviations: C, control; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Figure 12 Activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9.
Notes: Activities in A549 (A, C, E) and H460 (B, D, F) cells as affected by curcuminoid nanoemulsions and Curcuma longa extract after 24 hours treatment. Control represents the cells incubated with medium only. Data with different letters are significantly different at P<0.05.
Figure 13 Hypothesized signaling pathways.
Note: Pathways in A549 (A) and H460 (B) cell lines depicting G2/M arrest and apoptosis induced by curcuminoid nanoemulsions or C. longa extract.
Abbreviations: C. longa, Curcuma longa; S, synthesis phase; G1, growth-1/gap-1 phase; G2, growth-2/gap-2 pre-mitotic phase; M, mitosis phase.
