Burden of Tuberculosis in End Stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis: A Multicenter Study and Experience from Ethiopian Dialysis Setting

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants at Hemodialysis Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, August 2022 – October 2022 (N = 263)

Characteristics N=263		Number (n)	Percentage (%)
Sex	Male	166	63.1
	Female	97	36.9
Residence	Addis Ababa	228	86.7
	Out of Addis Ababa	35	13.3
Religion	Orthodox	143	54.4
	Muslim	78	29.7
	Protestant	36	13.7
	Catholic	6	2.3
Marital Status	Single	78	29.7
	Married	160	60.8
	Divorced	14	5.3
	Widow	11	4.2
Educational Status	Illiterate	7	2.7
	Read and write only	15	5.7
	Primary School	34	12.9
	Secondary School	65	24.7
	College or University	142	54
Occupation	None	4	1.5
	Student	34	12.9
	Housewife	42	16
	Farmer	6	2.3
	Self-Business	42	16
	Government employee	75	28.5
	Retired	41	15.6
	Other	19	7.2
Monthly Income	None	20	7.6
	< 1000	26	9.9
	1000–3000	27	10.3
	3000–5000	80	30.4
	5000–10,000	76	28.9
	> 10,000	34	12.9

Table 2 The Clinical and Treatment-Related Characteristics of Study Participants at Hemodialysis Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, August 2022 – October 2022 (N = 263)

Characteristics N=263		Number (n)	Percentage (%)
Mean duration of follow up for ESRD in Year (+/- SD)		3.77 ± 3.03
Documented Cause of ESRD	Unknown	78	29.7
	Diabetes	79	30
	Hypertension	77	29.3
	CGN	16	6.1
	Obstructive Uropathy	6	2.3
	HIV	3	1.1
	CIN	2	0.8
	PCKD	2	0.8
Mean duration on hemodialysis (+/- SD)		3.23 ± (2.59)
	Twice	115	43.7
	Thrice	148	56.3
Comorbidities	Hypertension	166	63.1
	Diabetes	86	32.7
	HIV	18	6.8
	Heart Failure	4	1.5
	CLD	3	1.1
History of Smoking		23	8.7
BMI	Underweight	80	30.4
	Normal Range	158	60.1
	Overweight	22	8.4
	Obese	3	1.1
On Immunosuppressive Therapy		4	1.5
TB prophylaxis Use		9	3.4
Contact History		34	12.9

Table 3 Previous TB Diagnosis, Type, and Treatment-Related Characteristics of Study Participants at Hemodialysis Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, August 2022 – October 2022 (n=64)

Previous TB Characteristics		Number	Percentage
Type of TB	Pulmonary	39	61
	EPTB	23	35.9
	Disseminated	2	3.1
Diagnostic Modality	Imaging	19	29.7
	FNAC	17	26.6
	Pleural Fluid Analysis	17	26.6
	Cytology	5	7.8
	Sputum Exam	4	6.2
	Clinical Judgment	2	3.1
Timing of diagnosis	After CKD, before HD	23	32.4
	After HD initiation	48	67.6
Treatment Outcome	Improved	63	98.4
	Failed	1	1.6

Table 4 Current TB Diagnosis, Type, and Treatment-Related Characteristics of Study Participants at Hemodialysis Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, August 2022 – October 2022 (n=12)

Current TB Characteristics		Number	Percentage
Type of TB	Pulmonary	8	66.7
	EPTB	2	16.7
	Disseminated	2	16.6
Diagnostic Modality	Imaging	4	33.3
	FNAC	1	8.3
	Pleural Fluid Analysis	1	8.3
	Cytology	2	16.7
	Sputum Exam	3	25
	Clinical Judgment	1	8.3
Anti-TB Regimen	1st line	12	100

Table 5 Factors Associated with TB Occurrence Among the Study Participants at Hemodialysis Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, August 2022 – October 2022 (n=263)

Variables	Diagnosis of TB		COR (95% CI)	P value	AOR (95% CI)	P value
	Yes	No
Contact history with a known TB patient
Yes	17	17	3.241 (1.549–6.781)	0.002	2.581 (1.152–5.781)	0.021*
No	54	175	1	1
Presence of HIV infection
Yes	13	5	8.383 (2.868–24.504)	0.0001	15.047 (2.841–79.697)	0.001*
No	58	187	1	1
Presence of comorbidities
Yes	60	147	1.670 (0.809–3.448)	0.165	1.155 (0.525–2.543)	0.720
No	11	45	1	1
Duration on dialysis for more than 1 year
</=1 Year	15	74	1	1
>1 Year	56	118	2.341 (1.235–4.439)	0.009	2.510 (1.219–5.171)	0.013
Dialysis sessions 3 times per week
Twice	23	92	1	1
Thrice	48	100	1.920 (1.084–3.402)	0.025	1.656 (0.888–3.089)	0.113

Note: *Independent variables showed significant association.