Postpartum hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in a low-resource setting

Figures & data

Table 1 Mode of delivery

Mode	N=74 (%)
NVD	56 (75.7)
LSCS	18 (24.3)
Total	74 (100)

Abbreviations: NVD, normal vaginal delivery; LSCS, lower-segment cesarean section.

Table 2 Risk factors

Occurance	N=74 (%)
Present	57 (77.0)
Absent	17 (23.0)
Total	74 (100)

Table 3 Risk factors in mode of delivery

Mode of delivery	N=57 (%)
NVD	41 (72.0)
LSCS	16 (28.0)
Total	57 (100)

Abbreviations: NVD, normal vaginal delivery; LSCS, lower-segment cesarean section.

Table 4 Risk factors frequency

Risk factor	N=57 (%)
PIH/Preeclampsia	19 (33.3)
Prolonged labor	10 (17.5)
Large for gestational age	9 (15.8)
Previous LSCS	7 (12.3)
APH/IUD	5 (8.8)
Others/combined	7 (12.3)
Total	57 (100)

Abbreviations: PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; LSCS, lower-segment cesarean section; APH, antepartum hemorrhage; IUD, intrauterine death.

Table 5 Causes of postpartum hemorrhage

Cause	N=74 (%)
Uterine atony	61 (82.4)
Perineal trauma	10 (13.5)
Retained placenta	2 (2.7)
Bleeding disorder	1 (1.4)
Total	74 (100)

Table 6 Estimated blood loss

Mode of delivery	500–1,000 mL	1,000–1,500 mL	>1,500 mL
NVD N=56 (%)	41 (73.2)	14 (25)	1 (1.8)
LSCS N=18 (%)		14 (77.8)	4 (22.2)

Abbreviations: NVD, normal vaginal delivery; LSCS, lower-segment cesarean section.

Table 7 Maternal outcomes

Outcome	N=74 (%)
Survived	70 (94.6)
Died	4 (5.4)
Total	74 (100)