Utilization of healthcare services in postpartum women in the Philippines who delivered at home and the effects on their health: a cross-sectional analytical study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Sampling design.

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Characteristics	Home, n=27 (%)	Facility, n=36 (%)	P-value
Age (years)			0.45
Mean ± SD	26.1±7.1	27.2±6.4
Days after delivery			0.47
Mean ± SD	33.3±23.1	38.3±21.2
Parity			1.00
Primipara	6 (22.2)	9 (25.0)
Multipara	21 (77.8)	27 (75.0)
Birth attendant			<0.01
Skilled birth attendant	9 (33.3)	35 (97.2)
Traditional birth attendant	18 (66.7)	1 (2.8)
Area of residence			<0.01
Poblacion	4 (14.8)	22 (61.1)
Putatan	23 (85.2)	14 (38.9)
Mother’s education			0.38
Primary or middle school	4 (14.8)	4 (11.1)
High school	20 (74.1)	23 (63.9)
College or university	3 (11.1)	9 (25.0)
Father’s education			0.34
Primary or middle school	4 (15.4)	3 (8.3)
High school	20 (76.9)	26 (72.2)
College or university	2 (7.7)	7 (19.4)
Monthly income (Philippines peso)			<0.01
<2,499	22 (81.5)	15 (41.7)
>2,500	5 (18.5)	21 (58.3)
Health insurance			0.22
Have	10 (37.0)	18 (50.0)
Do not have	17 (63.0)	18 (50.0)
Maternal and child health book			<0.01
Have	9 (33.3)	33 (91.7)
Do not have	18 (66.7)	3 (8.3)
Time to health center (minutes)			0.97
Mean ± SD	24.1±18.4	22.2±10.1

Note: P-values were derived from chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Mann–Whitney U test.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Healthcare service utilization during pregnancy in women who delivered at home or at a facility in the Philippines

Category	Home, n=27 (%)	Facility, n=36 (%)	P-value
Antenatal checkup			<0.01
>4 times	10 (37.0)	28 (77.8)
1–3 times	10 (37.0)	7 (19.4)
Not received	7 (25.9)	1 (2.8)
Home visit			0.30
Received	15 (55.6)	25 (69.4)
Not received	12 (44.4)	11 (30.6)
Tetanus toxoid			0.21
Received	23 (85.2)	34 (94.4)
Not received	4 (14.8)	2 (5.6)
Iron			0.28
Received	25 (92.6)	29 (80.6)
Not received	2 (7.4)	7 (19.4)
Folic acid			0.33
Received	24 (88.9)	28 (77.8)
Not received	3 (11.1)	8 (22.2)
Health education on danger signs in pregnancy			1.00
Received	21 (77.8)	29 (80.6)
Not received	6 (22.2)	7 (19.4)
Health education on breastfeeding problems			0.53
Received	20 (74.1)	30 (83.3)
Not received	7 (25.9)	6 (16.7)

Note: P-values were derived from chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.

Table 3 Healthcare service utilization during postpartum in women who delivered at home or at a facility in the Philippines

Category	Home, n=27 (%)	Facility, n=36 (%)	P-value
Time of first postpartum checkup			0.16
Within 4 hours	6 (22.2)	5 (13.9)
Within 4–24 hours	6 (22.2)	3 (8.3)
Within 2 days	13 (48.1)	27 (75.0)
Not received	2 (7.4)	1 (2.8)
Home visit			1.00
Received	18 (66.7)	24 (66.7)
Not received	9 (33.3)	12 (33.3)
Health education on postpartum danger signs			1.00
Received	18 (66.7)	24 (66.7)
Not received	9 (33.3)	12 (33.3)
Health education on breastfeeding troubles			0.43
Received	20 (74.1)	23 (63.9)
Not received	7 (25.9)	13 (36.1)
Health education on family planning			0.55
Received	22 (81.5)	26 (72.2)
Not received	5 (18.5)	10 (27.8)

Note: P-values were derived from chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.

Table 4 Postpartum abnormal symptoms in women who delivered at home or at a facility in the Philippines

Category	Home, n=27 (%)	Facility, n=36 (%)	P-value
Fever for >2 days			0.31
Present	3 (11.1)	1 (2.8)
Absent	24 (88.9)	35 (97.2)
Bad lochia odor			1.00
Present	1 (3.7)	2 (5.6)
Absent	26 (96.3)	34 (94.4)
Irritated eyes and headaches			0.03
Present	10 (37.0)	4 (11.1)
Absent	17 (63.0)	32 (88.9)
Continuous abdominal pain			0.04
Present	6 (22.2)	1 (2.8)
Absent	21 (77.8)	35 (97.2)
Breast pain			0.48
Present	5 (18.5)	4 (11.1)
Absent	22 (81.5)	32 (88.9)
High blood pressure and dizziness			1.00
Present	1 (3.9)	1 (2.8)
Absent	26 (96.3)	35 (97.2)
State of low mood			1.00
Present	1 (3.7)	1 (2.8)
Absent	26 (96.3)	35 (97.2)

Note: P-values were derived from chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.