Cervical cancer risk factors and feasibility of visual inspection with acetic acid screening in Sudan

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants in cervical cancer screening with the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) method in Khartoum State, Sudan

Characteristics	Total	VIA test
	(n = 100)	Negative (n = 84)	Positive (n = 16)
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Age
Mean age	37.2	34.1	40.3
≤35 years	52 (52)	45 (54)	7 (44)
≥36 years	48 (48)	39 (46)	9 (56)
Education
Yes	36 (36)	32 (38.1)	4 (25)
No	64 (64)	52 (61.9)	12 (75)
Employment
Yes	33 (33)	29 (34.5)	4 (25)
No	67 (67)	55 (65.5)	12 (75)
Smoking
Yes	4 (4)	2 (2.4)	2 (12.5)
No	96 (96)	82 (97.6)	14 (87.5)
Female genital mutilation
Yes	90 (90)	76 (90.5)	14 (87.5)
No	10 (10)	8 (9.5)	2 (12.5)
Male partner circumcision
Yes	98 (98)	83 (98.8)	15 (93.7)
No	2 (2)	1 (1.2)	1 (6.3)
Contraception
Yes	30 (30)	27 (32.1)	3 (18.8)
No	70 (70)	57 (67.9)	13 (81.2)
Practice of duhan lower part of the body
Yes	97 (97)	82 (81.5)	15 (93.7)
No	3 (3)	2 (2.5)	1 (6.3)
Parity
Nulliparous	40 (40)	38 (45.2)	2 (12.5)
Parous	60 (60)	46 (54.8)	14 (87.5)
Vaginal delivery (out of parous n = 60)
Spontaneous	48 (75)	42 (91.3)	6 (41.9)
Assisted	12 (25)	4 (8.7)	8 (57.1)
Episiotomy (out of parous n = 60)
Yes	37 (61.7)	24 (28.2)	12 (9.8)
No	23 (38.3)	21 (17.8)	2 (6.2)
Uterine cervix laceration
Yes	7 (7)	2 (2.4)	5 (31.3)
No	93 (93)	82 (97.6)	11 (68.7)

Table 2 Associations between risk factors and cervical cancer with use of the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) screening method in Khartoum State, Sudan (n = 100)

Risk factor	% VIA (positive)	% VIA (negative)	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Uterine cervix laceration	71.4	11.8	18.6	4.64–74.8	0.001
Assisted vaginal delivery	66.7	12.5	13.2	2.95–58.9	0.003
Parity	23.3	5	5.78	1.41–23.7	0.02
Female genital mutilation	21.9	5.5	4.78	1.13–20.1	0.04
Episiotomy	32.4	8.7	5.25	1.15–23.8	0.05
Male partner circumcision	18.1	50.0	0.18	0.01–2.29	0.3
Use of contraception method	10	18.5	0.48	0.13–1.83	0.3
Use of cosmetic smoking in lower part of body	18.3	33.3	0.53	0.03–3.96	0.4

Table 3 Acceptability and feasibility of cervical cancer with the use of the visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) screening method in Khartoum State, Sudan (n = 98^a)

Outcome variable	Yes (%)	No (%)	P value
Satisfied with the decision to be screened	96 (97.7)	2 (2.3)	0.0001
Visit to the screening clinic took less than 45 minutes	85 (86.7)	13 (13.7)	0.0001
Counseling provided enough information about screening	89 (90.8)	9 (9.2)	0.0001
Waiting time before screening was less than 20 minutes	82 (83.7)	16 (16.3)	0.0001
Screening test procedure was less than 25 minutes	79 (80.6)	19 (19.4)	0.0001
Counseling provided enough information about screening	89 (90.8)	9 (9.2)	0.0001
Test experience was better than expected	87 (88.8)	12 (12.4)	0.0001
Was informed immediately about the result after the screening test	95 (96.9)	3 (3.1)	0.0001
Recommended screening test to other women	91 (92.9)	7 (7.1)	0.0001
Treatment was offered free of charge	12 (87.5)	2 (12.5)	0.0001

Note:

a Two women did not reply to this part of questionnaire, so they were excluded.