The prevalence and determinants of pregnancy-related anxiety amongst pregnant women at less than 24 weeks of pregnancy in Bangalore, Southern India

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic profile of study participants (N=350)

Sociodemographic characteristics	Frequency (n = 350)	Percentage (%)
Age group
≤ 20 years	105	30
>20 years	245	70
Religion
Hinduism	91	26.0
Christianity	06	1.7
Islam	253	72.3
Educational qualification of the respondents
Illiterate	11	3.1
Primary school	09	2.9
Middle school	105	30.0
High school	135	38.6
PUC or diploma	65	18.6
Graduate	25	7.1
Educational qualification of the husbands
Illiterate	36	12.9
Primary school	20	7.1
Middle school	71	25.4
High school	95	33.9
PUC or diploma	36	12.9
Graduate Postgraduate	22	7.8
Occupation of the respondents
Unskilled worker	15	4.3
Semi-skilled worker	12	3.4
Clerical or Farmer	01	0.3
Housewife	322	92.0
Occupation of the husbands
Unemployed	01	0.4
Unskilled worker	96	34.3
Semi-skilled worker	145	51.8
Skilled worker	35	12.5
Clerical or Farmer	01	0.4
Semi professional	02	0.7
Socioeconomic Status
Upper middle class	43	12.3
Lower middle class	106	30.3
Upper Lower class	201	57.4

Table 2 Mean PRA score according to gestational age and gravidity

	Primigravida	Multigravida
Gestational age ≤12 weeks	22.07±8.39	19.6±12.4
Gestational age >12 weeks to ≤24 weeks	25.27±8.96	23.7±9.3

Table 3 Association between sociodemographic characteristics and anxiety among the pregnant women (N=350)

Socio demographic characteristics	Non- anxious (155)	Anxious (195)	Crude Odd’s Ratio (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted Odd’s Ratio (95% CI)	P-value
Age group
≤20 years (101) >20 years (245)	49 (46.7%) 106 (43.3%)	56 (53.3%) 139 (56.7%)	1 1.246 (0.749–2.073)	0.396
Educational qualification of the respondents
< High school (225) >High school (125)	97 (43.1%) 58 (46.4%)	128 (56.9%) 67 (53.6%)	0.861 (0.523–1.416) 1	0.555
Educational Qualification of the husbands
<High school (173)	73 (42.2%)	100 (57.8%)	1.220 (0.705-2.110)	0.477
>High school (177)	82 (46.3%)	95 (53.7%)	1
Occupation of the respondents
Working (28)	11(39.3%)	17 (60.7%)	0.960 (0.388-2.377)	0.929
Housewife (322)	144 (44.7%)	178 (55.3%)	1
Occupation of the husbands
Skilled workers (109)	36 (33%)	73 (67%)	1
Semi/unskilled workers (241)	119 (49.4%)	122 (50.6%)	0.528(0.305-0.912)	0.665	0.545 (0.320-0.930)	0.988
Socioeconomic Status
Upper middle class (43)	27 (62.8%)	16 (37.2%)	1	0.054
Lower middle class (106)	43 (40.6%)	63 (59.4%)	0.586 (0.341-1.009)	0.075	2.804(1.296-6.068)	0.009
Upper Lower class (201)	85 (42.3%)	116 (57.7%)	1.733 (0.945-3.178)		1.963 (0.934-4.116)	0.075

Table 4 Association of obstetric history with anxiety among the pregnant women (N=350)

Obstetric and Medical History	Non- anxious mothers (n=155)	Anxious mothers (n=195)	Crude OR (95% CI)	P value
Gravida
Primigravida (143)	65 (45.5%)	78 (54.5%)	1	0.918
Multigravida (207)	90 (43.5%)	117 (56.5%)	0.918 (0.358-2.353)
Parity
Primipara (155)	72 (46.5%)	83 (53.5%)	1
Multipara (195)	83 (42.6%)	112 (57.4%)	1.718 (0.501-2.743)	0.715
Abortion
Yes (82)	38 (46.3%)	44 (53.7%)	0.904 (0.475-1.721)	0.758
No (268)	117 (43.7%)	151 (56.3%)	1
Pregnancy Unplanned
Yes (148)	64 (43.2%)	84 (56.8%)	1.068 (0.607-1.702)	0.783
No (202)	91 (45%)	111 (55%)	1
History of medical complications
Yes (26)	12 (46.2%)	14 (53.8%)	0.865 (0.328-0.284)	0.771
No (324)	143 (44.1%)	181 (55.9%)	1

Table 5 Association between psychosocial factors and anxiety among the pregnant mothers (N=350)

Social Support & Spouse physical and Sexual violence	Non-Anxious (155)	Anxious (195)	Crude OR(95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P-value
Social Support
High Support (1 to 2.9) (172)	73 (42.4%)	99 (57.6%)	0.586 (0.941-1.009)	1	0.567 (0.335-0.960)
Moderate Support (3 to 5) (98)	58 (59.2%)	40 (40.8%)	1.733 (0.945-3.178)	0.054	1.683 (0.925-3.064)	0.035
Low Support (5.1 to 7) (80)	24 (30%)	56 (70%)		0.075		0.088
Marital Discord
No (159)	63 (39.6%)	96 (60.4%)	0.613 (0.382-0.983)	1
Yes (191)	92 (48.2%)	99 (51.8%)		0.042	0.639 (0.402-1.008)	0.051
Spouse Physical and Sexual Violence
Yes (13)  No (337)	9 (69.2%) 146 (43.3%)	4 (30.8%) 191 (56.7%)	0.247 (0.749-4.107)	0.035 1	0.258 (0.072-0.919)	0.037
Depression
Depressed (123)	43 (35%)	80 (65%)	1.928	0.011	1.965	0.008
Non-depressed (227)	112 (49.3%)	115 (50.7%)	(1.163-3.196)	1	(1.193-3.235)
Consanguinity
Not a relative (240)	103 (42.9%)	(57.1%) 137		1
Relative (110)	52 (47.3%)	58 (52.7%)	0.783 (0.475-1.292)	0.339
Past H/O catastrophic events
Absent (265)	118 (44.5%)	147 (55.5%)		1
Present (85)	37 (43.5%)	48 (56.5%)	1.060 (0.616-1.822)	0.834