New Findings On Gender: The Effects Of Employment Status On Suicide

Figures & data

Table 1 Hazards Regression Results Of The Effects Of Employment Status On Suicide: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1990–2011

Covariate	Event	Population At Risk	β	ARR	95% CI
Employment status
Employed	1106	881,369	Reference	1.000	Reference
Unemployed, looking for work	135	63,157	0.487***	1.628	1.356, 1.954
Disabled, unable to work	94	30,976	0.864***	2.374	1.904, 2.960
Retired, housekeeping, student, other	670	492,465	0.414***	1.513	1.343, 1.704
Unknown/Missing	8	9776	−0.591	0.554	0.236, 1.301
Marital Status
Married	1085	862,222	Reference	1.000	Reference
Not married	924	611,624	0.357***	1.429	1.291, 1.582
Sex
Female	414	779,666	Reference	1.000	Reference
Male	1599	698,077	1.630***	5.104	4.565, 5.707
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic African American	93	130,295	Reference	1.000	Reference
Non-Hispanic White	1703	1,125,121	0.917***	2.504	2.024, 3.098
Non-Hispanic Native American	29	12,311	1.163***	3.201	2.105, 4.868
Non-Hispanic Asian, Pacific Islander	32	32,713	0.462*	1.588	1.061, 2.377
Hispanic	150	170,316	0.252	1.288	0.992, 1.672
Non-Hispanic Other race	6	6987	0.234	1.264	0.553, 2.886
Place of Residence
Urban	1364	1,029,013	Reference	1.000	Reference
Rural	649	448,730	−0.065	0.937	0.850, 1.033
Housing Tenure
Own home	1375	1,033,446	Reference	1.000	Reference
Rent	638	444,297	0.106*	1.112	1.002, 1.235
Educational Attainment
Some College	535	436,121	Reference	1.000	Reference
Less High School	657	431,795	0.139 *	1.150	1.018, 1.299
High School Completed	716	517,822	0.166**	1.181	1.058, 1.318
Graduate or professional school	18	18,829	−0.287	0.750	0.469, 1.198
Family Income (US$)
$40,000 - $49,999	152	121,883	Reference	1.000	Reference
Less than $20,000	597	365,224	0.253***	1.288	1.131, 1.466
$20,000 - $29,999	369	271,075	0.024	1.025	0.897, 1.170
$30,000 - $39,999	271	208,651	−0.016	0.984	0.850, 1.138
$50,000 - $59,999	201	173,986	−0.224*	0.799	0.670, 0.953
$60,000+	227	215,489	−0.209**	0.812	0.694, 0.950
Unknown/Missing	36	29,774	−0.377*	0.686	0.482, 0.975
Age
15–28	386	332,174	Reference	1.000	Reference
29–39	451	331,877	0.441***	1.554	1.353, 1.785
40–49	314	230,640	0.492 ***	1.635	1.403, 1.905
50–59	269	188,336	0.509***	1.663	1.417, 1.953
60+	478	301,480	0.547***	1.728	1.493, 1.999
LRS	1393.64***
df	25
Suicides	2013
Population at Risk	1,477,743

Notes: *Significant at α=0.05; **Significant at α=0.01; ***Significant at α=0.001.

Abbreviations: ARR, adjusted relative risk; CI, 95% confidence interval.

Table 2 Employment Status On Suicide By Sex, 1990–2011

Covariate	Male			Female
	β	ARR	95% CI	β	ARR	95% CI
Employment status
Unemployed, looking for work	0.332***	1.393	1.131, 1.717	1.095***	2.988	2.045, 4.366
Employed	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Disabled, unable to work	0.810***	2.247	1.762, 2.865	1.031***	2.803	1.649, 4.763
Retired, housekeeping, student, other	0.398***	1.489	1.297, 1.710	0.378***	1.459	1.156, 1.841
Unknown/Missing	−0.423	0.655	0.282, 1.522	−0.580	0.560	0.050, 6.291
Marital Status
Married	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Not married	0.411***	1.509	1.343, 1.696	0.242*	1.274	1.017, 1.595
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	0.630***	1.877	1.631, 2.162	0.874***	2.396	1.790, 3.207
Other Races	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Place of Residence
Rural	0.001	1.000	0.897, 1.114	−0.121	0.886	0.710, 1.105
Urban	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Housing Tenure
Own home	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Rent	0.121*	1.129	1.004, 1.270	0.057	1.058	0.840, 1.333
Educational Attainment
Less High School	0.185**	1.204	1.051, 1.378	−0.088	0.916	0.694, 1.208
High School Completed	0.205***	1.228	1.084, 1.391	−0.011	0.989	0.783, 1.249
Some College	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Graduate or Professional School	−0.375	0.687	0.396, 1.192	0.002	1.002	0.410, 2.449
Family Income (US$)
$40,000 - $49,999	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
Less than $20,000	0.242***	1.274	1.103, 1.473	0.368**	1.444	1.077, 1.938
$20,000 - $29,999	−0.019	0.981	0.846, 1.138	0.183	1.201	0.890, 1.621
$30,000 - $39,999	−0.043	0.958	0.815, 1.126	0.095	1.100	0.789, 1.532
$50,000 - $59,999	−0.207*	0.813	0.669, 0.988	−0.193	0.825	0.546, 1.246
$60,000+	−0.218**	0.804	0.675, 0.958	−0.159	0.853	0.594, 1.223
Unknown/Missing	−0.340	0.711	0.482, 1.049	−0.473	0.623	0.280, 1.388
Age
15–28	Reference	1.000	Reference	Reference	1.000	Reference
29–39	0.376***	1.457	1.247, 1.703	0.773***	2.167	1.590, 2.952
40–49	0.377***	1.459	1.223, 1.739	0.980***	2.664	1.925, 3.686
50–59	0.482***	1.620	1.352, 1.942	0.732***	2.080	1.458, 2.967
60+	0.645***	1.906	1.614, 2.250	0.369*	1.446	1.032, 2.027
LRS	409.70***			125.68***
df	21			21
Suicides	1599			414
Population at Risk	698,077			779,666

Notes: *Significant at α=0.05; **Significant at α=0.01; ***Significant at α=0.001.