Domestic violence and its association with pre-term or low birthweight delivery in Vietnam

Figures & data

Figure 1 The sampling procedure.

Abbreviation: HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City.

Table 1 Reliability of DV sub-scales and overall scale of the DV instrument modified from the World Health Organization (WHO) original DV questionnaire

Type of domestic violence	Total questions	Cronbach’s α (n=30)
Emotional violence	4	0.83
Physical violence	11	0.76
Sexual violence	6	0.78
Domestic violence	21	0.80

Table 2 Characteristics of study subjects

Characteristics	Total (n=1,099)	Percentage
Age groups
<20 years	15	1.4
20–25 years	227	20.7
26–34 years	651	59.2
35–39 years	160	14.6
40+ years	46	4.2
Average age (years)	29.7±5.4
Occupations
Housework	395	35.9
Public employees	261	23.8
Workers	257	23.4
Business, services	183	16.7
Students	3	0.3
Educational level
≤Primary (1st–5th grade)	134	13.2
Junior secondary (6th–9th grade)	343	31.2
Secondary school (10th–12th grade)	296	26.9
Higher educational level	326	29.7
Housing status
Private house	320	29.1
Rental house	345	31.4
House shared with other families	434	39.5
Economic status
Needy	62	5.6
Enough for living	800	72.8
Wealthy	237	21.6
Marital status
Single	2	0.2
Co-habitation	1097	99.8
Average age at married	24.6±4.2

Table 3 Domestic violence proportion and outcomes of study sample (n=1,099)

Features	Frequency (n=1,099)	Percentage
No domestic violence	842	76.6
Domestic violence	257	23.4
Emotional	185	16.8
Physical	80	7.3
Sexual	136	12.4
Emotional + Physical	66	6.0
Emotional + Sexual	72	6.6
Physical + Sexual	40	3.6
All three of them	34	3.1
Pre-term outcome	135	12.3
Low birthweight	116	10.6
Low birthweight and/or pre-term	160	14.6

Table 4 Multivariable analysis of the association between domestic violence and pre-term/low birthweight delivery

Independent variables	Pre-term/low birthweight (n=160)	Non-pre-term/low birthweight (n=939)	POR	95% CI	P-value
Domestic violence
No	106 (66.3)	736 (78.4)	1
Yes	54 (33.7)	203 (21.6)	1.44*	(1.04–1.99)*	0.029*
Wife’s age groups
26–34	89 (55.6)	562 (59.9)	1
<20	5 (3.1)	10 (1.1)	2.06	(0.92–4.65)	0.080
20–25	40 (25.0)	187 (19.9)	1.19	(0.81–1.78)	0.371
35–39	18 (11.3)	142 (15.1)	0.88	(0.54–1.45)	0.628
≥40	8 (5.0)	38 (4.1)	1.62	(0.82–3.21)	0.167
Occupations
Housework	53 (33.1)	342 (36.4)	1
Workers	49 (30.6)	208 (22.2)	1.38	(0.95–1.99)	0.084
Public employees	32 (20.0)	232 (24.7)	1.06	(0.68–1.67)	0.785
Business-services	26 (16.3)	157 (16.7)	1.08	(0.69–1.69)	0.728
Housing status
Private house	37 (23.1)	283 (30.1)	1
Rental house	59 (36.9)	286 (30.5)	0.96	(0.61–1.51)	0.863
House shared	64 (40.0)	370 (39.4)	0.95	(0.63–1.45)	0.847
Economic status
Enough for living	116 (72.5)	684 (72.8)	1
Needy	21 (13.1)	41 (4.4)	1.82*	(1.15–2.88)*	0.011*
Wealthy	23 (14.4)	214 (22.8)	0.73	(0.45–1.19)	0.212
Husband’s age groups
31–40	75 (46.88)	467 (49.73)	1
<20	2 (1.25)	2 (0.21)	1.37	(0.45–4.12)	0.576
20–30	67 (41.88)	346 (36.85)	1.00	(0.69–1.44)	0.981
>40	16 (10.00)	124 (13.21)	0.75	(0.45–1.24)	0.261
Husband’s alcohol abuse
No	11 (6.9)	137 (14.6)	1
Yes	149 (93.1)	802 (85.4)	1.87*	(1.04–3.38)*	0.036*

Note: *Significant association.

Abbreviation: POR, Adjusted prevalence odds ratio.

Table 5 The association between specific type of domestic violence and pre-term/low birthweight delivery

Independent variables	Pre-term/low birthweight (n=160)	Non-pre-term/low birthweight (n=939)	POR	95% CI	P-value
Domestic violence
No	106 (66.3)	736 (78.4)	1
Yes	54 (33.7)	203 (21.6)	1.44*	(1.04–1.99)*	0.029*
Emotional violence^a
No	123 (76.9)	791 (84.2)	1
Yes	37 (23.1)	148 (15.8)	1.27	(0.85–1.91)	0.250
Physical violence^a
No	147 (91.9)	872 (92.9)	1
Yes	13 (8.1)	67 (7.1)	0.69	(0.37–1.28)	0.237
Sexual violence^a
No	130 (81.3)	833 (88.7)	1
Yes	30 (18.7)	106 (11.3)	1.49*	(1.01–2.19)*	0.046*

Notes: *Significant association. ^aMultivariate analysis of emotional violence/physical violence/sexual violence with the wife’s age groups, occupations, housing status, economic status, husband’s age group, and alcohol consuming habit.

Abbreviation: POR, Adjusted prevalence odds ratio.