The Effect of Umbilical Cord Milking Compared with Delayed Cord Clamping in Term Neonates: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics

Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics	Umbilical Cord Milking	Delayed Cord Clamping	P-value
	N=84	N=84
Maternal age (years)	29.0 (6.0)	29.2 (6.1)	0.81
Gestational age (weeks)	39.1 (1.0)	39.1 (1.0)	0.95
Prepregnant weight (kg)	57.4 (12.0)	56.2 (12.4)	0.52
Current weight (kg)	72.0 (12.4)	70.2 (12.2)	0.34
Prepregnant BMI (kg/m^2)	22.5 (4.3)	22.4 (4.8)	0.91
Underlying Disease (n)
PreGDM or GDM	22 (26.2%)	20 (23.8%)	0.68
Chronic hypertension or PIH	1 (1.2%)	4 (4.8%)
Hyperthyroidism	1 (1.2%)	1 (1.2%)
1st trimester hemoglobin (g/dl)	12.1 (1.1)	11.9 (1.0)	0.34
3rd trimester hemoglobin (g/dl)	11.7 (0.9)	11.7 (0.9)	0.91
Route of Delivery (n)
Vaginal delivery	49 (58.3%)	50 (59.5%)	0.87
Cesarean delivery	35 (41.7%)	34 (40.5%)
Birth weight (g.)	3122 (331.8)	3155 (344.2)	0.52
Sex of neonates (male)	37 (44.1%)	38 (45.2%)	0.87

Notes: Mean (SD); Value (%).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PreGDM, pregestational diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PIH, pregnancy induced.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of study participants.

Table 2 Neonatal Outcomes

Characteristics	Umbilical Cord Milking	Delayed Cord Clamping	P-value
	N=84	N=84
Hb at 6–24 hr. (g/dl)	16.5 (1.9)	16.3 (1.7)	0.49
HCT at 6–24 hr. (%)	49.7 (5.7)	49.1 (5.3)	0.45
Hb at 48–72 hr. (g/dl)	17.0 (1.9)	16.9 (1.6)	0.75
HCT at 48–72 hr. (%)	50.6 (5.7)	50.3 (4.8)	0.79
Total bilirubin at 48–72 hr. (mg/dl)	10.4 (2.3)	9.9 (2.1)	0.18
APGAR score at 1 minute	8.4 (1.1)	8.6 (0.6)	0.09
APGAR score at 5 minutes	9.7 (0.5)	9.7 (0.5)	1.00
Polycythemia (n)	1 (1.2%)	0	1.00
Requiring partial exchange transfusion	0	0
Jaundice (n)	8 (9.5%)	13 (15.5%)	0.42
Unspecified cause	5 (5.9%)	8 (9.5%)
ABO incompatibility	2 (2.4%)	1 (1.2%)
G6PD	1 (1.2%)	4 (4.8%)
Requiring phototherapy	8 (9.5%)	13 (15.5%)	0.24
Requiring total exchange transfusion	0	0
Length of stay in the hospital (days)	2.8 (0.7)	2.9 (1.1)	0.32

Notes: Mean (SD); Value (%).

Table 3 Maternal Outcomes

Characteristics	Umbilical Cord Milking	Delayed Cord Clamping	P-value
	N=84	N=84
Postpartum blood loss (mL)*	300 (150–1200)	300 (100–1000)	0.26
Postpartum hemorrhage (n)	1 (1.2%)	2 (2.4%)	1.00
Requiring blood transfusion (n)	0	0

Notes: Mean (SD); Value (%), *Median (range).

Figure 2 Box and Whisker plot of hemoglobin (g/dl) at 48–72 hours.