Depression and Domestic Violence Experiences Among Asian Women: A Systematic Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Search Terms

Topic	Search Terms
Domestic violence	“Domestic violence” OR “domestic abuse” or “Intimate partner violence” OR “family abuse” OR “child abuse” OR “child maltreatment”
Postpartum period	“Postpartum” or “postnatal” or “maternal”
Depression	“Depression”

Figure 1 Selection flowchart.

Table 2 Articles Retrieved from Each Database

Database	Number of Articles Retrieved
PUBMED	144
SCOPUS	153
WEB OF SCIENCE	61
GOOGLE SCHOLAR	196
Total	554

Table 3 Data Extraction Table Showing the Characteristics and Findings of Studies Included

S.No	ID Study	Country	Type of Study	Sample Size	Type of Violence	Measurement		Results
						Depression (PPD)	Violence (IPV/CM)	Prevalence (%) PPD Violence		Association DV and PPD
Cross-Sectional Studies
1.	Afshari et al,^Citation35 (2019)	Iran	Cross-Sectional	505	IPV (During preg)	EPDS	Proforma Questionnaire	38.8	N/A	Yes
2.	Ahmad et al,^Citation36 (2018)	Malaysia	Cross-Sectional	5727	IPV (Emo, Phy, Sex)	EPDS	WHO multi-country questionnaire	13	4.9 (overall) 3.7 (Emo) 2.6 (Phy) 1.2 (Sex)	Yes
3.	Ahmadzad et al,^Citation37 (2016)	Iran	Cross-Sectional	615	IPV (Phy; Non-Phy)	BDI	Proforma Questionnaire	15.3	35.1 (Phy) 77.2 (Non-Phy)	Yes
4.	Ali et al,^Citation38 (2012)	Pakistan	Cross-Sectional	165	IPV (Phy, Sex)	HADS	Proforma Questionnaire	70		Yes
5.	Amemiya et al,^Citation39 (2016)	Japan	Cross-Sectional	6590	IPV (Verbal, Phy)	EPDS	Proforma Questionnaire	N/A	10.9 (Verbal) 1.2 (Phy)	Yes
6.	Azad et al,^Citation40 (2019)	Bangladesh	Cross-Sectional	376	IPV (Before and during preg)	EPDS	N/A	39.4	IPV 69.1% (Before and during preg.)	Yes PR=3 (before preg PR= 2.3 (During preg)
7.	Bhusal et al,^Citation41 (2018)	Nepal	Cross-Sectional	346	IPV (Phy, Psy, Sex)	EPDS	Conflict Tactics Scale	17.1	11.8 (Phy) 6.1 (Psy) 2.3 (Sex)	Yes OR = 3.6 (Phy) OR= 1.8 (Sex) OR= 2.8 (Psyc)
8.	Bulut et al,^Citation42 (2017)	Turkey	Cross-Sectional	128	IPV (Economic, Phy, Sex)	EPDS	Proforma Questionnaire	56.3	26.5 (Phy) 4 (Sex) 4 (Econom)	Yes (Phy abuse only)
9.	Dubey et al,^Citation43 (2012)	India	Cross-Sectional	293	DV	EPDS	Proforma Questionnaire	6	2 (IPV)	Yes
10.	Esie et al,^Citation44 (2019)	Bangladesh	Cross-Sectional	3290	IPV (Psy, sex, phy)	EPDS	Revised Conflict Tactics Scale WHO standard Questionnaire	16.8	77.2 (Psy) 58.8 (Sex) 44.4 (Phy) 33.3% (Injuries due to IPV)	Yes RR=2.4 (Phy) RR=2.2 (Psy) RR=1.65 (Sex)
11.	Fisher et al,^Citation45 (2010)	Vietnam	Cross-Sectional	364	IPV	SCID	Proforma Questionnaire	29.9	N/A	Yes OR= 2.1 (IPV)
12.	Fisher et al,^Citation46 (2013)	Vietnam	Cross-Sectional	497	IPV (Phy, Emo, Sex)	EPDS	WHO multi-country questionnaire	N/A	N/A	Yes
13.	Islam et al,^Citation47 (2017)	Bangladesh	Cross-Sectional	426	IPV (Psy, Sex, Phy)	EPDS	WHO-DHS questionnaire	35.2	52.8 (Phy) 67.4 (Psy) 21.1 (Sex)	Yes AOR= 1.8(Phy) AOR= 6.92(Psy) AOR= 2.25(Sex)
14.	John et al,^Citation48 (2017)	Pakistan	Cross-Sectional	234	IPV	EPDS	AAS	69.6	7.7	Yes
15.	Kabir et al,^Citation49 (2014)	Bangladesh	Cross-Sectional	660	IPV (Phy)	EPDS	WHO multi-country questionnaire		52 (Phy) 65 (Sex) 82 (Emo)	Yes
16.	Khooharo et al,^Citation50 (2010)	Pakistan	Cross-Sectional	100	IPV	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	41	22	Yes
17.	Miura et al,^Citation51 (2017)	Japan	Cross-Sectional	6590	IPV (Phy, Verbal)	EPDS	Conflict Tactic Scale	9.5	N/A	Yes OR= 4.85 (Verbal) OR=7.05 (Phy)
18.	Murray et al,^Citation52 (2015)	Vietnam	Cross-Sectional	431	IPV	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	18.1	N/A	Yes
19.	Patel et al,^Citation53 (2015)	India	Cross-Sectional	134	IPV	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	48.5	46	Yes
20.	Shwartz et al,^Citation54 (2019)	Israel	Cross-Sectional	1128	IPV	EPDS	MoH questionnaire	10.3	N/A	Yes OR= 1.6 (IPV)
21.	Tho Tran et al,^Citation55 (2018)	Vietnam	Cross-Sectional	1274	IPV (Emo)	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	8.2	50.4	Yes OR= 3.6 (Emo)
22.	Zhang et al,^Citation56 (2012)	China	Cross-Sectional	846	IPV (Psy, Phy)	EPDS	Abuse Assessment Scale (AAS)	25.1	11.3 (DV during preg)	Yes
23.	Abbaszadeh et al,^Citation12 (2011)	Iran	Cross-Sectional	400	IPV	EPDS	AAS	45.8	65.5 (DV during preg) 59.7 (Emo) 37 (Phy)	Yes OR= 4.8 (DV)
24.	Anjum et al,^Citation57 (2019)	Pakistan	Cross-Sectional	400	Verbal, Physical Violence	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	41	45.5	Yes
25.	Kirkan et al,^Citation58 (2015)	Turkey	Cross-Sectional	360	DV during preg	EPDS SCID	Proforma questionnaire	35	N/A	Yes
26.	Pocan et al,^Citation59 (2013)	Turkey	Cross-Sectional	187	IPV	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	28.9	N/A	Yes
27.	Saito et al,^Citation60 (2012)	Thailand	Cross-Sectional	274	IPV (Psy, Phy, Sex)	SF- 12	PMWI-SF SVAW		35.4 (Phy) 11.3 (Sex)	Yes
28.	Silove et al,^Citation61 (2015)	Timor-Leste	Cross-Sectional	427	IPV	EPDS	WHO multi-country questionnaire	22	N/A	Yes
Longitudinal Studies
29.	Kita et al,^Citation62 (2016)	Japan	Longitudinal	562	IPV (Phy, Sex, Emo)	HADS	Index of Spousal Abuse (ISA)	N/A	6 (IPV) 1.4 (Phy) 4.6 (Phy or Non-phy)	Yes
30.	Lev – Wiesel et al,^Citation63 (2010)	Israel	Longitudinal	1003	Childhood Sex. Abuse	Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale	Childhood Sexual Assault Scale (CSAS)	N/A	N/A	Yes
31.	Li et al,^Citation21 (2017)	China	Longitudinal	276	CM (Emo, Sex, Phy)	EPDS	Childhood Trauma Questionnaire	N/A	N/A	Yes
32.	Nhi et al,^Citation64 (2019)	Vietnam	Longitudinal	1337	IPV (Emo, Phy, Sex)	EPDS	WHO multi-country questionnaire	8.2	35.3	Yes
33.	Turk Capar et al,^Citation65 (2015)	Turkey	Longitudinal	540	IPV (during preg, during postpartum)	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	15.4	N/A	Yes OR= 6.2 (Phy-during preg) OR= 5.9 (Phy- during postpartum)
34.	Nongrum et al,^Citation66 (2014)	India	Longitudinal	132	IPV	EPDS	AAS	N/A	7.3	Yes
35.	Budhathoki et al,^Citation67 (2012)	Nepal	Longitudinal	72	IPV (Phy, Sex, Psy)	EPDS	WHO multi-country questionnaire	19.4	20.8 (Phy) 19.4 (Psy) 13.9 (Sex)	No
36.	Dolatian et al,^Citation68 (2010)	Iran	Longitudinal	240	DV	EPDS	Violence Questionnaire	34.2	N/A	Yes RR= 3.3 (DV)
Qualitative Studies
37.	Savarimuthi et al,^Citation69 (2010)	India	Qualitative	137	Phy abuse during preg	EPDS	Proforma questionnaire	26.3	N/A	Yes
38.	Edhborg et al,^Citation70 (2015)	Bangladesh	Qualitative	21	IPV; Violence by family member	EPDS	Semi-Structured Questionnaire	100	N/A	Yes

Abbreviations: PPD, postpartum depression; IPV, intimate partner violence; DV, domestic violence; CM, childhood maltreatment; Emo, emotional; Phy, physical; Sex, sexual; Psy, psychological; Preg, pregnancy; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; BDI, Beck’s Depression Inventory; WHO, World Health Organisation; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; SCID, structured clinical interview for DSM-IV; SF-12, short-form 12 health survey; PMWI- SF, psychological maltreatment of women inventory-short form; AAS, abuse assessment scale; Mo H, ministry of health; DHS, demographic and health survey; CSAS, childhood sexual assault scale; PR, prevalence ratio; OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; RR, relative risk.

Table 4 Prevalence of Different Types of Domestic Violence and Association with Postpartum Depression

S.No.	Prevalence of Violence	Measure of Association Employed	Association with PPD
	Physical Violence
1.	11.8	Odds Ratio	3.6
2.	44.4	Relative Risk	2.4
3.	52.8	Adjusted Odds Ratio	1.8
4.	65.5	Odds Ratio	4.8
	Psychological Violence/Emotional Violence
5.	6.1	Odds Ratio	2.8
6.	77.2	Relative Risk	2.2
7.	67.4	Adjusted Odds Ratio	6.92
8.	50.4	Odds Ratio	3.6
	Sexual Violence
9.	2.3	Odds Ratio	1.8
10.	58.8	Relative Risk	1.65
11.	21.1	Adjusted Odds Ratio	2.25

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