The Association Between Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index, Perinatal Depression and Maternal Vitamin D Status: Findings from an Australian Cohort Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Mediational pathways between BMI, vitamin D status and perinatal depression risk.^36,37

Note: Solid thick line indicates the association between BMI and perinatal depression risk to be partially mediated by vitamin D status. Data represent un-standardised regression coefficients.

Abbreviation: BMI, Body Mass Index.

Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of the Obstetric Cohort

Variables	n (%) or Mean ± SD	Minimum–Maximum
IV
BMI (n= 16,528)	25.30±6.320	13–77
Healthy weight 18.5–24.9	8338 (50.4)
Underweight <18.5	1012 (6.1)
Overweight 25–29.9	3904 (23.6)
Obese >30.0	3274 (19.8)
DV
Vitamin D deficient (Yes)	4792 (50.0)
Depression (High)	948 (6.7)
Covariates
Mum COB (Australia)	11,077 (67.2)
Marital Status (With Partner)	14,524 (89.1)
Mother Working (Yes)	7718 (46.7)
Smokes during pregnancy (Yes)	1486 (9.0)
Domestic Violence (Yes)	86 (0.5)
Hypertension during pregnancy (Yes)	838 (5.1)
Season of Birth (Summer)	5310 (32.1)
Season of Birth (Autumn)	4267 (25.8)
Season of Birth (Winter)	4142 (25.1)
Season of Birth (Spring)	2809 (17.0)
Gender (baby) (Female)	8031 (48.6)
Maternal age at delivery time (years) (n= 16,528)	31.06±5.176	13–55
Birth Weight (grams) (n= 16,528)	3331.84±632.993	310.00–5520.00
Parity (n= 16,528)	0.90±1.08	0–10

Abbreviations: IV, Independent Variable; DV, Dependent Variable; BMI, Body Mass Index; COB, Country Of Birth; SD, Standard Deviation.

Table 2 Association Between Pre-Pregnancy BMI, Perinatal Depression Risk and Vitamin D Status

Pre-Pregnancy BMI	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Predicting Depression from BMI (Unadjusted n= 14,056, Adjusted n= 13,805)^a,b
Underweight	1.922 (1.506, 2.452)	<0.001	1.544 (1.194, 1.997)	0.001
Overweight	1.254 (1.061, 1.482)	0.008	1.220 (1.026, 1.451)	0.024
Obese	1.553 (1.311, 1.839)	<0.001	1.421 (1.191, 1.696)	<0.000
Predicting Vitamin D from BMI (Unadjusted n= 9583, Adjusted n= 9561)^a,c
Underweight	1.413 (1.194, 1.673)	<0.001	1.204 (1.009, 1.437)	0.040
Overweight	1.299 (1.176, 1.434)	<0.001	1.374 (1.238, 1.525)	<0.000
Obese	1.479 (1.325, 1.650)	<0.001	1.950 (1.735, 2.191)	<0.000
Predicting Depression from Vitamin D (Unadjusted n= 8215, Adjusted n= 8088)^b,d
Vitamin D deficient (Yes)	1.404 (1.182, 1.667)	<0.001	1.321 (1.105, 1.579)	0.002

Notes: Reference group: Healthy weight^a, Vitamin D deficient (No)^{d, b}Covariates Adjusted: Marital Status (With Partner), Mother Working (Yes), Smokes during pregnancy (Yes), Domestic Violence (Yes), Maternal age at delivery time (years), Birth weight, Parity. ^cCovariates Adjusted: Mum Country Of Birth (Australia), Maternal age at delivery time (years), gender, Birth weight, Parity.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Intervals.

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