Determinants of Preeclampsia Among Pregnant Mothers Attending Antenatal Care (ANC) and Delivery Service in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Case Control-Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Participants Who Attend ANC and Delivery Services at Gedeo Zone Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia, 2019 (n=240 (80 Cases, 160 Controls))

Variables	Study subject(240)
	80 Cases = number (%)	160 Controls = number (%)
Age
<20 years	10(12.5)	15(9.5)
20-34 years	62(77.2)	125(79.1)
>35 years	8(10.0)	18(11.4)
Mean (SD)	27.51(5.22)	27.36(4.93)
Ethnicity
Gedeo	45(56.2)	101(63.1)
Amahara	9(11.2)	19(11.9)
Oromo	7(8.8)	22(13.8)
Gurage	10(12.5)	6(3.8)
Other^a	9(11.2)	12(7.5)
Religion
Protestant	47(58.8)	108(67.5)
Orthodox	12(15.0)	13(8.1)
Muslim	21(26.2)	39(24.4)
Marital status
Single	3(3.8)	7(4.4)
Married	72(90.9)	151(94.4)
Divorced	5(6.2)	2(1.2)
Educational status
Cannot read and write	28(35.0)	46(28.8)
Can read and write	28(35.0)	30(18.8)
Primary education	5(6.2)	23(14.4)
Secondary education	8(10.0)	19(11.9)
College and above	11(13.8)	42(26.2)
Residences
Urban	30(37.5)	47(29.4)
Rural	50(62.5)	113(70.6)
Occupation
Government employee	20(25.0)	47(29.4)
Private	9(11.2)	22(13.8)
Housewife	30(37.5)	60(37.5)
Merchant	16(20.0)	25(15.6)
Other*	5(6.2)	6(3.8)
Monthly Income
570-1140	5(9.3)	14(11.4)
≥1140	49(90.7)	109(88.6)

Notes: *Other: daily laborer, student; ^a Other: Sidama, Wolita, Silte.

Table 2 Obstetric and Reproductive Health Characteristics of Participants Who Attend ANC and Delivery Services at Gedeo Zone Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia, 2019 (n=240 (80 Cases, 160 Controls))

Variables	Study subject(240)
	80 Cases = number(%)	160 Controls = number (%)
Age at first menses (in years)
10-13	23(28.8)	57(24.1)
14-16	49(61.2)	160(67.5)
17-19	8(10.0)	20(8.4)
Age at first pregnancy(in years)
<20	43(53.8)	82(51.9)
20-34	37(46.2)	76(48.1)
Pregnancy interval(in years)
One	3(4.8)	4(3.8)
Two	26(41.3)	43(41.0)
>2	34(54.0)	58(55.2)
Number of live births		62(59.0)
One	35(58.3)	22(21.0)
2-4	12(20.0)	21(20.0)
≥ 5	13(21.7)
The number of ANC follow-ups
One time	4(5.5)	8(5.3)
Two times	19(26.0)	28(18.7)
Three times	32(43.8)	59(39.3)
Four and above	18(24.7)	55(36.7)
Pregnancy multiplicity
Single	77(96.2)	157(98.1)
Twin	3(3.8)	3(1.9)
Type of contraceptive method used
Pills	4(6.2)	13(10.9)
Injectable	36(56.2)	67(56.3)
Implant	23(35.9)	39(32.8)
IUCD	1(1.6)	0(0.00)
Blood group
A	25(31.2)	55(34.4)
B	25(31.2)	51(31.9)
AB	12(15.0)	21(13.1)
O	18(22.6)	33(20.6)
Hemoglobin level
Less than 11	22(28.6)	46(29.7)
Greater than 11	55(71.4)	109(70.3)

Table 3 Dietary and Lifestyle Characteristics of Participants Who Attend ANC and Delivery Services at Gedeo Zone Hospitals, Southern Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Study subject(240)
	80 Cases = No. (%)	160 Controls = No. (%)
How many times you ate fruit
Daily/week	9(12.7)	33(22.0)
2 to 3 days/week	59(83.1)	111(74.0)
Less than 2 times/week	3(4.2)	6(4.0)
Ate vegetables during pregnancy
Yes	77(96.2)	155(96.9)
No	3(3.8)	5(3.1)
How many times have you eaten vegetables
Daily/week	18(23.4)	47(30.3)
2-3times/week	55(71.4)	100(64.5)
Less than 2 times/week	4(5.2)	8(5.2)
Have you eaten meat and animal products
Yes	69(86.2)	137(85.6)
No	11(13.8)	23(14.4)
How many times you ate animal product
Daily/week	5(7.5)	11(8.0)
2-3 times/week	43(62.3)	98(71.5)
Less than2 times/week	21(30.4)	28(20.4)
Iron foliate intake during pregnancy
Yes	66(82.5)	145(90.6)
No	14(17.5)	15(9.4)
Coffee drink during pregnancy
Yes	67(83.8)	137(85.6)
No	13(16.2)	23(14.4)
How many times did you drink coffee
Daily/week	38(56.7)	72(52.9)
2-3 times/week	26(38.8)	59(43.4)
Less than 2 times/week	3(4.5)	5(3.6)

Table 4 The Bi-Variable and Multivariable Analysis Result of the Determinants of Preeclampsia Among Mothers Attending ANC, and Delivery Services in Gedeo Zone Hospitals, South Ethiopia, 2019 (n=240 (80 Cases, 160 Controls))

Variables	Study subject(240)		COR (95%CI)	AOR (95%CI)
	80 Cases = number (%)	160 Controls number (%)
Age
<20 years	10(12.5)	15(9.5)	1	1
20-34 years	62(77.2)	125(79.1)	.66 (.21, 2.11)	.049(.006, .398)*
>35 years	8(10.0)	18(11.4)	.89 (.36, 2.17)	.314(.063, 1.556)
Marital status
Single	3(3.8)	7(4.4)	1	1
Married	72(90.9)	151(94.4)	5.83 (.696, 48.87)	1.65(.134, 20.233)
Divorced	5(6.2)	2(1.2)	5.24 (.99,27.67)	2.13 (.31, 14.425)
Educational status
Cannot read and write	28(35.0)	46(28.8)	1	1
Can read and write	28(35.0)	30(18.8)	.430 (.191, .970)	.13(.02, .76)*
Primary education	5(6.2)	23(14.4)	.281 (.121,.650)	.071(.015, .32*
Secondary education	8(10.0)	19(11.9)	1.205 (.373, 3.894)	.88(.12, 6.25)
College and above	11(13.8)	42(26.2)	.622 (.216, 1.795)	.23(.05, 1.028)
Residences
Urban	30(37.5)	47(29.4)	1	1
Rural	50(62.5)	113(70.6)	.693(.394, 1.221)	.590(.193, 1.806)
Occupation
Government employee	20(25.0)	47(29.4)	1	1
Private	9(11.2)	22(13.8)	1.95(.535, 7.165	3(.355, 25.760)
Housewife	30(37.5)	60(37.5)	2.037(.493,8.408)	13(1.260, 140.15)*
Merchant	16(20.0)	25(15.6)	1.667(.470, 5.906)	14(1.46, 137.72)*
others	5(6.2)	6(3.8)	1.302(.340, 4.985)	8(.802, 80.68)
Monthly Income
570-1140	5(9.3)	14(11.4)	1	1
≥1140	49(90.7)	109(88.6)	1.25(.429, 3.689)	1.845(.452, 7.53)
Number of pregnancies
One	17(21.2)	53(35.5)	1	1
2-4	51(63.8)	86(54.4)	1.969 (.796, 4.872)	1.002(.207, 4.850)
≥ 5	12(15.0)	19(12.0)	1.065 (.478, 2.374)	.586(.156, 2.210)
The number of ANC follow-ups
One time	4(5.5)	8(5.3)	1	1
Two times	19(26.0)	28(18.7)	.655 (.176, 2.433)	.365(.062, 2.162)
Three times	32(43.8)	59(39.3)	.482 (.219, 1.062)	.525(.155, 1.783)
Four and above	18(24.7)	55(36.7)	.603 (.304, 1.196)	.420(.139, 1.270)
History of abortion
Yes	12(15.0)	19(11.9)	1	1
No	68(85.0)	141(88.1)	.764 (.351, 1.663)	1.272(.444, 3.645)
Type of contraceptive method used
Pills	4(6.2)	13(10.9)	1	1
Inject able	36(56.2)	67(56.3)	2.00(.584, 6.847)	5.605(.823, 38.167)
Implant	23(35.9)	39(32.8)	1.145 (.59, 2.194)	1.194(.486, 2.935)
Family history of diabetes mellitus
Yes	11(13.8)	6(3.8)	1	1
No	69(86.2)	154(96.2)	.244 (.087, .688)	.282 (.081, .985)*
Family history of hypertension
Yes	26(32.5)	8(5.0)	1	1
No	54(67.5)	152(95.0)	.109 (.047, .256)	.124 (.047, .325)*
Family history of hypertension
Yes	26(32.5)	8(5.0)	1	1
No	54(67.5)	152(95.0)	.109 (.047, .256)	.124 (.047, .325)*
Participants’ maternal history of preeclampsia
Yes	16(20.0)	4(2.5)	1	1
No	64(80.0)	156(97.5)	.103 (.033, .319	.162 (.041, .640)*
Presence of diabetes mellitus
Yes	6(7.5)	6(3.8)	1	1
No	74(92.5)	154(96.2)	.481 (.150, 1.541)	.271(.053, 1.389)
Ate Fruit during pregnancy
Yes	71(88.8)	150(93.8)	1	1
No	9(11.2)	10(6.2)	1.901(.740, 4.886)	3.355(1.112, 10.126)*
Iron foliate intake during pregnancy
Yes	66(82.5)	145(90.6)	1	1
No	14(17.5)	15(9.4)	2.051 (.936, 4.493)	2.59(.975, 6.89)
Physical exercise during pregnancy
Yes	7(8.8)	34(21.2)	1	1
No	73(91.2)	126(78.8)	2.814 (1.187, 6.670)	2.537(.945, 6.810)

Note: *p-value <0.05.