Sociodemographic and Obstetric Determinants of Antenatal Depression in Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: Facility Based Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants Attending Antenatal Clinic in Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (n=246)

Variable	Case (n=82) n (%)	Control (n=164) n (%)	Chi-squared, P-value
Age			2.81, 0.244
18–25	50 (61.0)	86 (52.4)
26–33	27 (32.9)	58 (35.4)
≥34	5 (6.1)	20 (1.2)
Residence			0.880, 0.348
Urban	69 (84.1)	145 (88.4)
Rural	13 (15.9)	19 (11.6)
Educational status			6.493, 0.090
No formal education	8 (9.7)	18 (10.9)
Primary education	9 (11.0)	38 (23.2)
Secondary education	32 (39.0)	46 (28.0)
Higher education	33 (40.2)	62 (37.8)
Marital status			7.568, 0.023
Single	31 (37.8)	35 (21.3)
Married	35 (42.7)	90 (54.9)
Divorced/separated/ widowed	16 (19.5)	39 (23.8)
Occupational status			27.741, <0.001
Housewife	31 (37.9)	62 (37.8)
Private work	12 (14.5)	38 (23.2)
Gov’t worker	18 (22.0)	54 (32.9)
Others (daily labor, farmer)	21 (25.6)	10 (6.0)
Household/family size			15.197, 0.001
2	47 (57.3)	56 (34.2)
3	17 (20.7)	3 3(20.1)
≥4	18 (22.0)	75 (45.7)

Table 2 Obstetric Factors Among Study Participants Attending the Antenatal Clinic in Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (n=246)

Variables	Case (n=82) n (%)	Control (n=164) n (%)	Chi-Squared, P-value
Gravidity			24.600, <0.001
Primigravida	60 (73.2)	65 (39.6)
Multigravida	22 (26.8)	99 (60.4)
Parity			1.281, 0.527
Primiparous	33 (40.2)	73 (44.5)
Multiparous	29 (35.4)	61 (37.2)
Grand multiparous	20 (24.4)	30 (18.3)
Current pregnancy complication			0.137, 0.711
No	49 (59.7)	102 (62.2)
Yes	33 (40.3)	62 (37.8)
Stages of pregnancy			12.079, 0.002
First trimester	15 (18.3)	41 (25.0)
Second trimester	16 (19.5)	50 (30.5)
Third trimester	51 (62.2)	73 (44.5)
ANC visit category			7.002, 0.072
First	11 (13.4)	10 (6.1)
Second	10 (12.2)	33 (20.1)
Third	12 (14.6)	37 (22.6)
Fourth	49 (59.8)	84 (51.2)
Wanted pregnancy			7.620, 0.006
No	12 (14.6)	43 (26.2)
Yes	70 (85.4)	121 (73.8)
History of abortion			0.137, 0.711
No	49 (59.7)	101 (61.6)
Yes	33 (40.3)	63 (38.4)

Note: Current pregnancy complication is defined as having at least one of the following recorded pregnancy complications: vaginal bleeding, pregnancy induced hypertension, anemia during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and hyperemesis gravidarum.

Table 3 Psychosocial and Substance Use Related Factors Among Study Participants Attending the Antenatal Clinic in Jimma Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia (n=246)

Variables	Case (n=82) n (%)	Control (n=164) n (%)	Chi-Squared, P-value
Family history of mental illness			2.569, 0.109
No	58 (70.7)	131 (79.9)
Yes	24 (29.7)	33 (21.1)
Intimate partner violence (IPV)			0.655, 0.418
No	69 (84.1)	131 (79.9)
Yes	13 (15.9)	33 (21.1)
Level of social support			0.656, 0.720
Poor	23 (28.0)	44 (28.8)
Moderate	13 (15.9)	33 (20.1)
Strong	46 (56.1)	87 (53.0)
Khat use risk			0.000, 1.000
No/mild	61 (74.4)	122 (74.4)
Moderate	21 (25.6)	42 (25.6)
Alcohol use risk			3.935, 0.047
No/mild	68 (82.9)	117 (71.3)
Moderate	14 (17.1)	47 (28.7)

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Depression Among Pregnant Mothers Attending the Antenatal Clinic in Jimma Medical Center, 2019 (n=246)

Variable	Case (n=82) n (%)	Control (n=164) n (%)	COR (95%CI)	AOR (95%CI)	P-value
Marital status					0.008* 0.375
Single	31 (37.8)	35 (21.3)	1.00	1.00
Married	35 (42.7)	90 (54.9)	0.43 (0.23–0.81)	0.33 (0.15–0.75)
Divorced/separated/ widowed	16 (19.5)	39 (23.8)	0.46 (0.21–0.98)	0.65 (0.25–1.69)
Occupational status
Housewife	31 (37.9)	62 (37.8)	0.20 (0.09–0.49)	0.03 (0.01–0.14)	<0.001*
Private work	12 (14.5)	38 (23.2)	0.09 (0.03–0.27)	0.13 (0.04–0.44)	0.001*
Government employee	18 (22.0)	54 (32.9)	0.14 (0.05–0.34)	0.16 (0.05–0.46)	0.001*
Others^a	21 (25.6)	10 (6.0)	1.00	1.00
Household size
2	47 (57.3)	56 (34.2)	1.00	1.00	0.78
3	17 (20.7)	33 (20.1)	0.61 (0.30–1.23)	1.17 (0.35–3.86)	0.08
≥4	18 (22.0)	75 (45.7)	0.28 (0.15–0.54)	0.94 (0.51–1.11)
Gravidity
Primigravida	60 (73.2)	65 (39.6)	1.00	1.00	<0.001*
Multigravida	22 (26.8)	99 (60.4)	0.24 (0.13–0.43)	0.12 (0.04–0.37)
Stages of pregnancy
First trimester	15 (18.3)	41 (25.0)	1.00	1.00	0.787
Second trimester	16 (19.5)	50 (30.5)	1.64 (0.66–4.03)	0.84 (0.23–3.00)	0.005*
Third trimester	51 (62.2)	73 (44.5)	3.43 (1.53–7.65)	4.04 (1.51–10.81)
Wanted pregnancy
No	12 (14.6)	43 (26.2)	1.00	1.00	0.026*
Yes	70 (85.4)	121 (73.8)	0.30 (0.09–0.97)	0.17 (0.04–0.81)
Alcohol use risk level
No/mild	68	117 (71.3)	1.00	1.00	0.27
Moderate	14	47 (28.7)	0.51 (0.26–0.99)	0.58 (0.22–1.53)

Notes: ^aFarmer/daily labor/cleaner. *P-value <0.05.

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care, COR, crude odds ratio, AOR, adjusted odds ratio.