Determinants of VIA Positivity Among Women Screened for Cervical Precancerous Lesion in Public Hospitals of Oromia Region, Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Women Screened for a Precancerous Lesion of the Cervix in Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases, n (%)	Controls, n (%)	COR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)
21–30	9 (12.2)	38 (25.7)	1
31–40	45 (60.8)	87 (58.8)	2.2 (0.9–4.9)	0.06
41–50	20 (27)	23 (15.5)	3.7 (1.4–9.4)	0.007*
Educational status
No formal education	28(37.8)	48 (32.4)	1
Primary education	22 (29.7)	54 (36.5)	0.7 (0.3–1.4)	0.3
Secondary education	18 (24.3)	35 (23.6)	0.9 (0.4–1.8)	0.7
College and above	6 (8.1)	11 (7.4)	0.9 (0.3–2.8)	0.9
Marital status
Single	1 (1.4)	9 (6.1)	1
Married	47 (63.5)	116 (78.4)	3.6 (0.5–29.6)	0.2
Widowed	12 (16.2)	6 (4.1)	18 (1.8–177)	0.01*
Divorced	14 (19.0)	17 (11.5)	7.4 (0.8–65)	0.07
Occupation
Housewife	35 (47.3)	80 (54)	1
Merchant	16 (21.6)	22 (14.9)	1.6 (0.8–3.5)	0.2
Daily labourer	14 (18.9)	17 (11.5)	1.8 (0.8–4.2)	0.1
Government employee	7 (9.5)	15 (10.1)	1.1 (0.4–2.8)	0.9
Others	2 (2.7)	14 (9.5)	0.3 (0.1–1.5)	0.1
Religion
Muslim	20 (27.0)	48 (32.4)	1
Orthodox Christian	37 (50.0)	72 (48.6)	1.2 (0.6–2.3)	0.5
Protestant or catholic	17 (23.0)	28 (19.0)	1.4 (0.6–3.2)	0.4
Family income per month in Ethiopian birr
<1500	30 (40.5)	73 (32.9)	1
1500–2999	20 (27.0)	61 (27.5)	0.7 (0.3–1.4)	0.3
3000–4999	16 (21.6)	60 (27.0)	0.5 (0.2–1.1)	0.08
≥5000	8 (10.8)	20 (13.5)	0.5 (0.2–1.4)	0.2

Note: *Significant at p<0.05 (crude).

Table 2 Reproductive Health-Related Characteristics of Women Screened for a Precancerous Lesion of the Cervix in Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases, n (%)	Control, n (%)	COR	P-value
Ever use of contraceptive
Yes	47 (63.5)	114 (77)	0.5 (0.3–0.9)	0.04*
No	27 (36.5)	34 (23)	1
Oral contraceptive use
Yes	1 (1.4)	7 (4.7)	0.3 (0.03–2.3)	0.2
No	73 (98.6)	141 (95.3)	1
Duration of oral contraceptive use
<5 years	0 (0)	5 (3.4)	1
≥ 5 years	1 (1.4)	2 (1.3)	0.7 (0.3–5.5)	0.8
Injectable (Depo-Provera) use
Yes	36 (48.6)	65 (43.9)	1.2 (0.7–2.1)	0.5
No	38 (51.3)	83 (56.1)	1
Duration of Injectable (Depo-Provera) use
<5 years	19 (25.7)	38 (25.7)	1
≥5 years	17 (23)	27 (18.2)	0.8 (0.3–6.4)	0.9
Implant use
Yes	5 (6.8)	22 (14.9)	0.4 (0.1–1.1)	0.08
No	69 (93.2)	126 (85.1)	1
Duration of implant use
<5 years	4 (5.4)	12 (8.1)	1
≥5 years	1 (1.4)	10 (6.8)	0.3 (0.03–3.1)	0.3
Intrauterine contraceptive device use
Yes	5(6.8)	20 (13.5)	0.4 (0.2–1.2)	0.2
No	69 (93.2)	128 (86.5)	1
Duration of intrauterine contraceptive device use
<5 years	2 (2.8)	8 (5.4)	1
≥5 years	3 (4)	12 (8.1)	0.9 (0.1–7.3)	0.9
Age at menarche
≤12 years	4 (5.4)	4 (2.7)	1
13–14 years	50 (67.6)	80 (54.1)	0.6 (0.1–2.6)	0.5
≥15 years	20 (27)	64 (43.2)	0.3 (0.07–1.3)	0.1
Menstrual history
Regular	27 (36.5)	71 (48)	1
Sometimes irregular	30 (40.5)	42 (28.4)	1.8 (0.9–3.5)	0.06
Always irregular	12 (16.2)	26 (17.6)	1.2 (0.5–2.7)	0.6
No menses	5 (6.8)	9 (6.1)	1.4 (0.4–4.7)	0.5
Post coital bleeding
Yes	19 (25.7)	5 (3.4)	9.8 (3.5–27)	<0.001*
No	55 (74.3)	143 (96.6)	1
Ever gave birth
Yes	70 (94.6)	129 (87.2)	2.5 (0.8–7.8)	0.09
No	4 (5.4)	19 (12.8)	1
Parity
1–3	31 (44.3)	76 (58.9)	1
≥4	39 (55.7)	53 (41.1)	1.8 (1.01–3.2)	0.04*
Age at first birth
≤18 years	37 (52.9)	45 (34.6)	1
19–30 years	31 (44.3)	77 (59.2)	0.5 (0.3–0.9)	0.02*
>30 years	2 (2.9)	8 (6.2)	0.3 (0.1–1.7)	0.2
Average birth interval
< 2 years	10 (14.3)	13 (10)	1
2–3 years	41 (58.6)	81 (62.3)	0.6 (0.3–1.9)	0.3
> 3 years	19 (27.1)	36 (27.7)	0.7 (0.2–1.9)	0.4
History of abortion
Yes	37 (50)	54 (36.5)	1.7 (0.9–3.06)	0.06
No	37 (50)	94 (63.5)	1
Number of time faced abortion
1–2 times	31 (83.8)	52 (94.5)	1
≥3 times	6 (16.2)	3 (5.5)	3.3 (0.8–14.3)	0.1
Family history of cervical cancer
Yes	16 (21.6)	3 (2.0)	13 0.3 (3.7–47.4)	<0.001*
No	58 (78.4)	145 (98.0)	1

Note: *Significant at p-value<0.05 (crude).

Table 3 Lifestyle- and Sexual-Related Characteristics of Women Screened for a Precancerous Lesion of the Cervix in Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases, n (%)	Controls, n (%)	COR	P-value
Ever screened for cervical cancer
Yes	10 (13.5)	4 (2.7)	5.6 (1.7–18)	0.005*
No	64 (86.5)	144 (97.3)	1
History of smoking
Yes	14 (18.9)	5 (3.4)	6.6 (2.3–19.3)	<0.001*
No	60 (81.1)	143 (96.6)	1
Age at sexual intercourse debut, n=214
<18 year	45 (61.5)	73 (51.8)	0.6 (0.3–1.1)	0.1
≥18 year	28 (38.4)	68 (68)	1
Condom use
Always	5 (6.8)	19 (12.8)	1
Some times	9 (12.2)	15 (10.1)	2.2 (0.6–8.2)	0.2
Never use	60 (81.1)	114 (77)	2 (0.7–5.6)	0.1
History of pelvic inflammatory disease
Yes	41(55.4)	32 (21.6)	4.5 (2.4–8.2)	<0.001*
No	33 (44.6)	116 (78.4)	1
History of sexually transmitted infections
Yes	50 (67.6)	48 (32.4)	4.3 (2.3–7.8)	<0.001*
No	24 (32.4)	100 (67.6)	1
Sexual partners’ history of sexually transmitted infections
Yes	37 (50)	30 (20.3)	3.9 (2.14–7.2)	<0.001*
No	37 (50)	118 (79.7)	1
History of genital ulcer or swelling
Yes	13 (17.6)	16 (10.8)	1.7 (0.7–3.8)	0.1
No	61 (82.4)	132 (89.2)	1
Sexual partners’ history of genital ulcer or swelling
Yes	10 (13.5)	6 (4.1)	3.6 (1.2–10.61)	0.01*
No	64 (86.5)	142 (95.9)	1
Ever screened for HIV^a
Yes	71 (95.9)	145 (98)	0.5 (0.09–2.4)	0.4
No	3 (4.1)	3 (2)	1
HIV status^a
Positive	26 (36.6)	35 (24.1)	2.2 (1.1–3.9)	0.01*
Negative	45 (63.4)	110 (75.9)	1
Number of sexual partners in a lifetime
One	21 (28.4)	64 (44.1)	1
Two	25 (33.8)	59 (40.7)	1.3 (0.6–2.5)	0.4
Three and above	28 (37.8)	22 (15.2)	3.8 (1.8–8.1)	<0.001*
Did your partner have another sexual partner?
Yes	38 (51.4)	79 (53.4)	0.8 (0.5–1.5)	0.6
No	36 (48.6)	69 (46.6)	1
Number of other sexual partners of husband (n=110)
1–2	15 (46.9)	48 (61.5)	1
≥ 3	17 (53.1)	30 (38.5)	1.8 (0.8–4.2)	0.1

Notes: *Significant at p-value<0.05 (crude); ^aHuman immunodeficiency virus.

Table 4 Multiple Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with via Positivity Among Screened Women, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, 2019

Variables	Cases, n (%)	Control, n (%)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Parity
1–3	31 (44.3)	76 (58.9)	1
≥4	39 (55.7)	53 (41.1)	2.3 (1.3–4.0)	0.004**
Post coital bleeding
Yes	19 (25.7)	5 (3.4)	3.3 (1.2–8.0)	0.01**
No	55 (74.3)	143 (96.6)	1
History of smoking
Yes	14 (18.9)	5 (3.4)	8.9 (1.6–48.0)	0.01**
No	60 (81.1)	143 (96.6)	1
History of sexually transmitted infections
Yes	50 (67.6)	48 (32.4)	1.9 (1.1–3.5)	0.006**
No	24 (32.4)	100 (67.6)	1
Number of the sexual partner in a lifetime
One	21 (28.4)	64 (44.1)	1
Two	25 (33.8)	59 (40.7)	1.2 (0.6–2.3)	0.6
Three and above	28 (37.8)	22 (15.2)	3.2 (1.2–8.3)	0.01**
Age group
21–30	9 (12.2)	38 (25.7)	1
31–40	45 (60.8)	87 (58.8)	1.3 (0.5–2.9)	0.4
41–50	20 (27)	23 (15.5)	2.3 (0.9–5.7)	0.07
HIV status^a
Positive	26 (36.6)	35 (24.1)	0.8 (0.4–1.9)	0.7
Negative	45 (63.4)	110 (75.9)	1

Notes: **Significant at p-value <0.05 (adjusted), ^aHuman immunodeficiency virus.

Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio.