Association Between Urinary Tract Infection in the First Trimester and Risk of Preeclampsia: A Case–Control Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Demographic Data and Clinical Variables in Case and Control Groups

Variables	Case Group Number (%)	Control Group Number (%)	p value
Mean age (years)	29.3 ± 6.5	27.7 ± 7.4	0.072
Age groups (years)
<18	13 (14.1)	15 (16.3)
18–35	56 (60.8)	58 (63.1)	0.128
>35	23 (25.1)	19 (20.6)
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.8 ± 3.6	24.7 ± 3.4	0.093
BMI groups (kg/m^2)
<18	9 (9.8)	11 (11.9)
18–25	67 (72.8)	66 (71.7)	0.123
>25	16 (17.4)	15 (16.4)
Education
Less than a diploma	19 (20.6)	15 (16.3)	0.141
Diploma	33 (35.8)	35 (38.1)
Academic	40 (43.5)	42 (45.6)
Habitancy site
City	66 (71.7)	68 (73.9)	0.108
Village	26 (28.3)	24 (26.1)
Parity
Null Parity	29 (31.5)	34 (36.9)	0.059
Multi Parity	63 (68.5)	58 (63.1)
Type of pregnancy
Singleton	11 (11.9)	14 (15.2)	0.088
Multiple pregnancy	81 (88.1)	78 (84.8)
Mean gestational age (week)	31.4 ± 4.1	29.5 ± 4.9	0.069
Gestational age groups (week)
20–26	17 (18.5)	19 (20.6)	0.104
26–32	49 (53.2)	52 (56.5)
>32	26 (28.3)	21 (22.9)
UTI
Positive	37 (40.2)	29 (31.5)	0.043
Negative	55 (59.8)	63 (68.5)
History of diabetic
Yes	13 (14.1)	11 (11.9)	0.121
No	79 (85.9)	81 (88.1)
History of hypertension
Yes	26 (28.2)	25 (27.2)	0.107
No	66 (71.8)	67 (72.8)
History of kidney disease
Yes	3 (3.2)	5 (5.4)	0.103
No	89 (96.8)	87 (94.6)
History of smoking
Yes	10 (10.8)	8 (8.7)	0.083
No	82 (89.2)	84 (91.3)
Mean proteinuria (gram/24h)	357.5 ± 75.5	94.7 ± 20.9	0.001
Proteinuria category (gram/24h)
< 300	3 (3.2)	85 (92.4)	0.001
300–500	72 (78.2)	7 (7.6)
>500/	18 (19.6)	0 (0.0)
Pregnancy outcomes
Normal baby	73 (79.3)	84 (91.3)	0.053
Baby with a serious disorder	16 (17.4)	7 (7.6)
Dead baby	3 (3.3)	1 (1.1)

Note: Bold face indicates values that are significant (p<0.05).

Table 2 Relationship Between Independent Variables with Preeclampsia in Multivariate Logistic Regression Model

Independent Variables		OR	95% CI	p value
Age category	18 to 35 years	1.000
	Less than 18 years	1.089	1.342–0.0652	0.074
	More than 35 years	1.196	1.451–0.0912	0.055
BMI (kg/m^2)	18–25	1.000
	<18	1.098	1.183–0.825	0.098
	>25	1.054	1.129–0.968	0.073
Degree of education	Under the diploma	1.000
	Diploma	0.923	1.125–0.756	0.055
	Academic	0.875	1.035–0.612	0.051
Pregnancy rating	Noli Parity	1.000
	Multi Parity	1.091	1.173–0.871	0.071
Gestational age groups (week)	20–26	1.000
	26–32	1.105	1.248–0.811	0.085
	>32	1.284	1.439–0.986	0.057
Type of pregnancy	Singleton	1.000
	Multiple pregnancy	1.109	1.305–0.951	0.095
History of UTI	Negative	1.000
	Positive	1.855	2.235–1.608	0.048
History of kidney disease	Negative	1.000
	Positive	1.089	1.263–0.916	0.93
History of diabetic	Negative	1.000
	Positive	1.326	2.142–1.309	0.0109
History of hypertension	Negative	1.000
	Positive	1.028	1.282–0.857	0.101
History of smoking	Negative	1.000
	Positive	2.412	3.405–1.587	0.008
Pregnancy outcome	Normal baby	1.000
	Abnormal baby	1.247	1.562–0.932	0.054

Note: Bold face indicates values that are significant (p<0.05).