Determinants of Frequency and Content of Antenatal Care in Postnatal Mothers in Arba Minch Zuria District, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2019

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Postnatal Mothers

Respondents Characteristics		n	%
Age (n=432)	18–24	93	21.5
	25–29	197	45.6
	30–34	88	20.4
	≥35	54	12.5
Marital status (n=432)	Single/divorced/widowed	16	3.7
	Married	416	96.3
Religion (n=432)	Orthodox	255	30.8
	Protestant	568	68.6
	Others	5	0.6
Maternal educational status (n=432)	Unable to read or write	173	40
	Able to read or write	51	11.8
	Primary level of education	155	35.9
	Secondary and above	53	12.3
Employment status (n=432)	Unemployed	267	61.8
	Employed	165	38.2
Husband’s educational status (n=432)	Unable to read or write	106	24.5
	Able to read or write	64	14.8
	Primary level of education	192	44.4
	Secondary education and above	70	16.2
Household wealth status (432)	Lowest	57	13.2
	Second	120	27.8
	Middle	81	18.8
	Fourth	88	20.4
	Highest	86	19.9
Means of transportation to health facilities (n=432)	By motorcycle/car	73	16.9
	On foot	359	83.1
Perceived required time to reach health facilities (n=432)	<30 min	252	58.3
	≥30 min	180	41.7
Exposure to mass media (radio/TV) (n=432)	Yes	240	55.6
	No	192	44.4
	Once a week	115	47.9
Membership of community based health insurance (CBHI) (n=432)	Yes	222	51.4
	No	210	48.6
Women’s autonomy to maternity care (n=432)	Autonomous	344	79.6
	Not autonomous	88	20.4

Table 2 Obstetric History of the Respondents

Respondent’s Characteristics	Category	Frequency	%
Prepregnancy utilization of contraception (any modern methods) (n=432)	Yes	294	68.1
	No	138	31.9
Women’s knowledge about key pregnancy danger signs (n=432)	Not knowledgeable	261	60.4
	Knowledgeable	171	39.6
Birth order (n=432)	First	73	16.9
	Second	95	22
	Third	121	28
	Four and above	143	33.1
Women’s desire on recent pregnancy (n=432)	Planned	337	78
	Not planned	95	22
Time for first ANC visit (n=432)	At or after 16 weeks.	340	78.7
	Before 16 weeks.	92	21.3
BPCR (n=432)	Not well prepared	301	69.7
	Well prepared	131	30.3
Place for ANC (432)	Hospital	47	5.7
	Health center	484	58.5
	Health post	297	35.9
ANC providers	Skilled	290	64.8
	Unskilled	152	35.2
Frequency of ANC	1–3 ANC visit	323	74.8
	=+4 ANC visit	109	25.2

Table 3 Results of Bivariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis to Identify Determinants of Frequency of Antenatal Care Visits

Variables	ANC Frequency
	1–3 ANC (%)	≥4 ANC (%)	p-value	COR (95%CI)	AOR (95%CI)
Women’s education status (n=432)
Unable to read or write	149 (90.2)	24 (13.9)		1	1
Able to read or write	32 (72.5)	19 (37.3)	<0.001	3.7 (1.8–7.5)^a	1.8 (0.7–4.6)
Primary level of education	110 (77.4)	45 (29)	0.001	2.5 (1.5–4.4)^a	0,9 (0.4–2.1)
Secondary and above	32 (73.6)	21 (39.6)	<0.001	4.1 (2.0– 8.2)^a	1.5 (0.6–3.9)
Respondents age (n=432)
18–24	67 (78)	26 (22)	0.02	3.1 (1.2–8.1)^a	1.0 (0.5–2.3)
25–29	141 (71.6)	56 (28.4)	0.01	3.2 (1.3–7.8)^a	1.1 (0.4–2.9)
30–34	67 (76.1)	21 (23.9)	0.06	2.5 (0.9–6.7)^a	0.6 (0.2–2.3)
≥35	48 (88.9)	6 (11.1)		1	1
Husbands education
Unable to read and write	92 (86.8)	14 (13.2)		1	1
Able to read and write	56 (87.5)	8 (12.5)	0.894	0.9 (0.4–2.4)	0.6 (0.2–1.8)
Primary level of education	127 (66.1)	65 (33.9)	<0.001	3.4 (1.8–6.4)^a	1.5 (0.7–3.3)
Secondary and above	48 (68.6)	22 (31.4)	0.004	3.0 (1.4–6.4)^a	1.3 (0.5–3.2)
Wealth index (n=432)
Lowest	41 (71.9)	16 (28.1)		1
Second	116 (96.7)	4 (3.3)	<0.001	0.08 (0.03–0.3)
Moderate	53 (65.4)	28 (34.6)	0.42	1.3 (0.6–2.8)
Fourth	56 (63.6)	32 (36.4)	0.31	1.5 (0.7–3.0)
Highest	57 (66.3)	29 (33.7)	0.47	1.3 (0.6–2.7)
Women’s employment status (n=432)
Nonemployed	191 (71.5)	76 (28.5)		1
Employed	132 (80)	33 (20)	0.05	0.6 (0.4–1.0)^a	0.9 (0.5–1.6)
Means of transportation (n=432)
By foot	268 (74.7)	91 (25.3)		1
By motorcycle/car	55 (75.3)	18 (24.7)	0.901	0.9 (0.6–1.7)
Perceived required time to reach health facilities (n=432)
≥30 min	159 (91.1)	21 (11.7)		1	1
<30 min	164 (74.6)	88 (34.9)	<0.001	4.0 (2.4–6.9)^a	3.3 (1.8–6.1)^b
Exposure to mass media (n=432)
No	148 (77.1)	44 (22.9)
Yes	175 (72.9)	65 (27.1)	0.32	1.2 (0.8–1.9)
Women decision making (n=432)
Autonomous	256 (74.4)	88 (25.6)	0.74	1.1 (0.6,–1.9)
Nonautonomous	67 (76.1)	21 (23.9)
Membership of CBHI (n=432)
No	168 (80)	42 (20)		1
Yes	155 (69.7)	67 (30.2)	0.015	1.7 (1.1–2.7)^a	1.1 (0.5–2.3)
Prepregnancy utilization of contraception (n=432)
No	120 (86.3)	19 (13.7)		1	1
Yes	203 (69.3)	90 (30.7)	<0.001	8.5 (4.0–18.0)^a	4.0 (1.7–9.2)^b
Knowledge on key pregnancy danger signs (n=432)
Not knowledgeable	203 (77.8)	58 (22.2)		1	1
Knowledgeable	120 (70.2)	51 (29.8)	0.07	1.5 (0.9–2.3)^a	1.6 (0.9–2.6)
Birth order (n=432)
First	52 (71.2)	21 (28.8)	0.16	1.6 (0.8–3.0)^a	1.5 (0.7–3.4)
Second	72 (75.8)	23 (24.2)	0.47	1.3 (0.7–2.3)	0.9 (0.4–2.0)
Third	85 (70.2)	36 (29.8)	0.07	1.6 (0.9–3.0)^a	1.2 (0.6–2.3)
Four and above	114 (79.7)	29 (20.3)		1	1
Desire on pregnancy (n=432)
Not planned	81 (81.8)	18 (18.2)		1	1
Planned	242 (72.7)	91 (27.3)	<0.001	6.5 (2.7–15.4)^a	2.6 (1.1–6.9)^b
ANC provider (n=432)
Skilled	196 (70)	84 (30)	0.002	2.2 (1.3–3.6)^a	1.8 (1.1–3.2)^b
Nonskilled	127 (85.6)	25 (16.4)
Time for first ANC booking (n=432)
At or after 16 weeks	277 (81.5)	63 (18.5)		1
Before 16 weeks	46 (50)	46 (50)	<0.001	4.4 (2.7–7.2)^a	3.8 (2.2–6.7)^b
BPCR (n=432)
Not-well prepared	239 (79.4)	62 (20.6)		1	1
Well Prepared	84 (64.1)	47 (35.9)	0.001	2.2 (1.4–3.4)^a	1.3 (0.8–2.3)

Notes: p-value, ^aindicates variable candidates for multivariate logistic regression; p-value, ^bindicates variables significant in multivariate logistic regression; 1 reference category.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio.

Table 4 Results of the Multivariable Generalized Linear Regression Analysis with Poisson Log Link to Identify the Determinants of Utilization of Contents of ANC Visits

Variables	Mean of Number of ANC Items	p-value	AOR (95%CI)
Women’s education status (n=432)		<0.001
Unable to read or write	3.9		0.87 (0.73–1.04)
Able to read or write	5.3		0.92 (0.77–1.09)
Primary level of education	6.0		0.95 (0.83–1.04)
Secondary and above	6.5		1
Respondents age (n=432)		<0.001
18–24	5.1		1.09 (0.88–1.34)
25–29	5.5		1.11 (0.93–1.32)
30–34	5.1		1.06 (0.89–1.27)
≥35	3.7		1
Husbands education (n=432)		<0.001
Unable to read and write	3.7		0.98 (0.82–1.17)
Able to read and write	4.3		0.95 (0.80–,1.13)
Primary level of education	5.9		1.02 (0.91–1.16)
Secondary and above	5.8		1
Wealth index (n=432)		<0.001
Lowest	5.1		0.97 (0.83–1.14)
Second	3.6		0.93 (0.79–1.10
Moderate	5.4		1.02 (0.88–1.17)
Fourth	6.2		1.01 (0.88–1.14)
Highest	6.0		1
Women’s employment status (n=432)		<0.001
Nonemployed	5.5		1.02 (0.92–1.13)
Employed	4.5		1
Means of transportation (n=432)		0.096
By foot	5.2
By motorcycle/car	4.8
Perceived required time to reach health facilities (n=432)		<0.001
≥30 min	4.0		0.93 (0.83–1.04)
<30 min	6.0		1
Exposure to mass media (n=432)		0.019
No	4.88		1.00 (0.91–1.10)
Yes	5.37		1
Women decision making (n=432)		0.027
Autonomous	5.03		0.95 (0.86–1.06)
Nonautonomous	5.61		1
Membership of CBHI (n=432)		<0.001
No	4.3		0.96 (0.85–1.09)
Yes	5.9		1
Prepregnancy utilization of contraception (n=432)		<0.001
No	2.9		0.63 (0.55–0.72)
Yes	6.2		1
Knowledge on key pregnancy danger signs (n=432)		0.71
Not knowledgeable	5.18
Knowledgeable	5.10
Birth order (n=432)		0.014
First	5.16		0.98 (0.82–1.18)
Second	5.09		0.97 (0.84–1.13)
Third	5.64		0.98 (0.87–1.11)
Four and above	4.77		1
Desire on pregnancy (n=432)		<0.001
Not planned	3.1		0.82 (0.71–0.94)
Planned	5.7		1
ANC provider (n=432)		0.007
Skilled	5.36		1.04 (0.94–1.15)
Nonskilled	4.76		1
Time for first ANC booking (n=432)		<0.001
At or above three months	4.88		0.94 (0.84–1.04)
Before three months	6.14		1
Frequency of ANC		<0.001
1–3 ANC visits	4.5		0.84 (0.76–0.93)
≥4 visits	7.1		1
BPCR (n=432)		<0.001
Not well prepared	4.66		0.90 (0.82–0.98)
Well prepared	6.28		1

Note: 1 reference.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio.