Perceived Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use, Past 30-Day Cannabis Use, and Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Pregnant Women in the United States

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Overall Study Sample (n=2,247), 2015 to 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health

Characteristics		%^a	(95% CI)
Age Group (years old)
	14 to 17	1.7	(1.1, 2.3)
	18 to 29	32.4	(30.2, 34.6)
	30 to 44	65.9	(63.6, 68.1)
Self-identified race/ethnicity
	Non-Hispanic White	55.4	(52.1. 58.7)
	Non-Hispanic Black	14.9	(13.3, 16.6)
	Non-Hispanic Other	9.4	(7.5, 11.2)
	Hispanic	20.3	(17.7, 23.0)
Population density
	Large metropolitan	55.2	(52.4, 58.1)
	Small metropolitan	39.6	(36.7, 42.2)
	Non-metropolitan	5.2	(4.1, 6.3)
Poverty level
	Living in poverty	23	(20.7, 25.0)
	Income up to 2X FPT^b	19.7	(17.4, 22.0)
	Income more than 2X FPT	57.3	(54.6, 60.2)
Residence in medical marijuana
	No	48.2	(45.0, 51.4)
	Yes	51.8	(48.6, 55.0)
Alcohol and/or tobacco use in the past
	Neither	79.9	(78.3, 81.6)
	Alcohol use only	6.7	(5.3, 8.0)
	Tobacco use only	10.6	(9.2, 12.0)
	Alcohol and tobacco use	2.8	(1.8, 3.7)
Past 30-day use of drugs other than cannabis
	No	98.1	(97.3, 99.0)
	Yes	1.9	(1.0, 2.7)
Trimester of pregnancy
	First	32.3	(29.0, 35.4)
	Second	35	(32.4, 37.7)
	Third	32.7	(29.9, 35.5)
Self-reported overall health status
	Excellent to good	94.8	(93.6. 95.9)
	Fair to Poor	5.2	(4.1, 6.4)
Past 12-months MDE^c
	No	93	(91.7, 94.3)
	Yes	7	(5.7, 8.3)
Year of the survey
	2015	33	(30.6, 35.6)
	2016	33	(31.2, 35.7)
	2017	34	(30.7, 36.2)
Risk perception of weekly cannabis use
	Any risk	78.4	(76.1, 80.5)
	No risk	21.6	(19.4, 23.8)
Past 30-day cannabis use
	No	94.7	(93.5, 95.8)
	Yes	5.3	(4.2, 6.5)
Mean number of days of cannabis use in the overall sample		0.8	(0.6, 1.1)
Mean number of days of cannabis use among past 30-day users		15.6	(13.5, 17.7)

Notes: ^aEstimates from weighted analyses; ^bFederal Poverty Threshold; ^cMajor Depressive Episode as defined by DSM-IV.

Table 2 Characteristics of the Study Sample by Perceived Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use and Correlates of Perceiving No Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use Among US Pregnant Women (n=2,247). Results of Univariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Models, 2015–2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health

Characteristics	Perceived Risk of Weekly Cannabis Use				p-value	Perceiving no risk associated with weekly cannabis use
	Any Risk		No Risk
Sample Size and Weighted Proportion	n=1,665^a		n=582^a
	78.4%	(76.2, 80.6)	21.6%	(19.4, 23.8)
	%^b	(95% CI)	%^b	(95% CI)		OR	95% CI	^aOR	95% CI
Socio-demographic factors
Age group (years old)					<0.01
14 to 17	1.5	(1.0, 2.1)	2.3	(0.6, 4.1)		2.0	(0.8, 4.9)	1.4	(0.5, 4.8)
18 to 29	29.2	(26.8, 31.6)	44.1	(38.9, 49.4)		2.0	(1.6, 2.6)	1.7	(1.3, 2.2)
30 to 44	69.3	(66.8, 71.8)	53.6	(48.4, 58.7)		1		1
Self-identified race/ethnicity					<0.01
Non-Hispanic White	54.0	(50.4, 57.6)	60.2	(54.6, 65.9)		1		1
Non-Hispanic Black	13.8	(11.8, 15.7)	19.3	(14.7, 23.9)		1.3	(0.9, 1.8)	1.0	(0.7, 1.5)
Non-Hispanic Other	9.4	(7.3, 11.5)	9.2	(5.4, 13.0)		0.9	(0.5, 1.4)	1.0	(0.6, 1.7)
Hispanic	22.8	(19.9, 25.7)	11.2	(7.7, 14.8)		0.4	(0.3, 0.6)	0.4	(0.3, 0.6)
Population density					<0.05
Large metropolitan	57.1	(53.9, 60.2)	48.3	(43.0, 53.7)		0.6	(0.4, 1.0)	1.1	(0.9, 1.5)
Small metropolitan	38.1	(34.8, 41.3)	45.0	(39.8, 50.2)		0.8	(0.5, 1.4)	1.1	(0.7, 1.7)
Non-metropolitan	4.8	(3.5, 6.1)	6.6	(4.4, 8.8)		1		1
Poverty level					<0.01
Living in poverty	20.4	(18.1, 22.8)	32.1	(28.0, 36.3)		2.2	(1.7, 2.9)	1.8	(1.3, 2.5)
Income up to 2X FPT^c	18.7	(16.0, 21.4)	23.5	(18.2, 28.8)		1.7	(1.2, 2.5)	1.4	(0.9, 2.2)
Income more than 2X FPT	60.8	(57.7, 64.0)	44.4	(39.1, 49.7)		1		1
Residence in medical marijuana legalized					0.79
State
No	48.4	(44.7, 52.1)	47.6	(42.7, 52.6)		1		1
Yes	51.6	(47.9, 55.3)	52.4	(47.4, 57.3)		1	(0.8, 1.2)	1.1	(0.9, 1.4)
Substance use related factors
Alcohol and/or tobacco use in the past 30 days					<0.01
Neither	83.7	(81.8, 85.6)	66.3	(61.2, 71.4)		1		1
Alcohol use only	6.4	(5.0, 7.8)	7.6	(4.7, 10.5)		1.5	(1.0, 2.3)	1.1	(0.7, 1.8)
Tobacco use only	7.9	(6.4, 9.5)	20.4	(16.8, 24.0)		3.2	(2.3, 4.6)	1.7	(1.1, 2.6)
Alcohol and tobacco use	2.0	(1.2, 2.8)	5.7	(2.9, 8.4)		3.5	(2.0, 6.5)	1.6	(0.7, 3.3)
Past 30-day use of drugs other than cannabis					<0.01
No	99.1	(98.6, 99.6)	94.7	(91.6. 97.9)		1		1
Yes	0.9	(0.4, 1.4)	5.3	(2.1, 8.4)		5.8	(2.6, 13.0)	3.1	(1.2, 8.1)
Health and pregnancy related factors
Trimester of pregnancy					0.21
First	31.7	(28.0, 35.4)	34.2	(29.0, 39.5)		1.0	(0.7, 1.3)	0.8	(0.6, 1.1)
Second	36.3	(32.9, 39.8)	30.4	(24.7, 36.1)		0.7	(0.5, 1.1)	0.7	(0.5, 1.1)
Third	31.9	(28.7, 35.1)	35.4	(29.9, 40.9)		1		1
Self-reported health status					0.44
Excellent to good	95.0	(93.7, 96.2)	94.0	(91.6, 96.4)		1		1
Fair to Poor	5.0	(3.8, 6.3)	6.0	(3.6, 8.4)		1.2	(0.7, 2.0)	0.7	(0.4, 1.1)
Past 12-months MDE^d					<0.01
No	94.2	(92.7, 95.7)	88.6	(84.8, 92.5)		1		1
Yes	5.8	(4.3, 7.3)	11.4	(7.5, 15.2)		2.1	(1.3, 3.6)	1.6	(0.9, 2.8)
Year of the survey					<0.01
2015	34.9	(31.9, 37.8)	26.8	(22.4, 31.3)		1		1
2016	33.9	(31.5, 36.3)	31.8	(26.5, 37.0)		1.2	(0.9, 1.6)	1.3	(0.9, 1.7)
2017	31.2	(28.0, 34.5)	41.4	(36.1, 46.7)		1.7	(1.3, 2.4)	1.6	(1.2, 2.3)

Notes: ^aUnweighted number; ^bEstimates from weighted analyses; ^cFederal Poverty Threshold; ^dMajor Depressive Episode as defined by DSM-IV.

Table 3 Characteristics of the Study Sample by Past 30-Day Cannabis Use and Correlates of Cannabis Use in the Past 30 Days Among US Pregnant Women (n=2,247). Results of Univariate and Multivariable Logistic Regression Models, 2015 to 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health

Characteristics	Cannabis Use in the Past 30 Days				p-value	Cannabis Use in the Past 30 Days
	Yes		No
Sample Size and Weighted Proportion (95% CI)	n = 152^a		n = 2,095^a
	5.3%	(4.2, 6.5)	94.7%	(93.5, 95.8)
	%^b	(95% CI)	%^b	(95% CI)		OR	95% CI	^aOR	95% CI
Socio-demographic factors
Age group (years old)					<0.01
14 to 17	3.8	(0.1, 7.4)	1.6	(1.0, 2.2)		3.5	(1.2, 10.4)	2.9	(0.9, 9.5)
18 to 29	48.7	(38.6, 58.9)	31.5	(29.3, 33.7)		2.3	(1.5, 3.5)	1.8	(1.1, 2.8)
30 to 44	47.5	(37.7, 57.3)	66.9	(64.6, 69.2)		1		1
Self-identified race/ethnicity					<0.01
Non-Hispanic White	55.4	(43.0, 67.9)	55.4	(52.0, 58.7)		1		1.7	(0.9, 3.4)
Non-Hispanic Black	27.8	(17.0, 38.7)	14.2	(12.5, 15.9)		2.0	(1.1, 3.7)	2.0	(0.9, 4.1)
Non-Hispanic Other	8.0	(0.8, 15.2)	9.4	(7.6, 11.3)		0.8	(0.3, 2.2)	0.9	(0.3, 2.9)
Hispanic	8.8	(5.0, 12.6)	21.0	(18.1, 23.8)		0.4	(0.2, 0.7)	0.6	(0.3, 1.2)
Population density					0.23
Large metropolitan	47.3	(36.3, 58.2)	55.6	(53.0, 58.5)		0.6	(0.3, 1.1)	1.2	(0.6, 2.2)
Small metropolitan	45.3	(34.0, 56.6)	39.3	(36.5, 42.0)		0.8	(0.4, 1.6)	1.3	(0.6, 3.1)
Non-metropolitan	7.4	(2.8, 12.1)	5.1	(4.0, 6.3)		1		1
Poverty level					<0.01
Living in poverty	31.3	(22.7, 40.0)	22.5	(20.4, 24.6)		2.0	(1.3, 3.2)	0.9	(0.5, 1.7)
Income up to 2X FPT^c	28.5	(18.0, 39.1)	19.3	(16.8, 21.7)		2.2	(1.2, 3.9)	1.3	(0.8, 2.3)
Income > than 2X FPT	40.2	(30.0, 50.3)	58.3	(55.4, 61.1)		1		1
Residence in medical marijuana legalized state					<0.05
No	39.2	(30.1, 48.3)	60.8	(51.7, 69.9)		1		1
Yes	48.7	(45.5, 52.0)	51.3	(48.0, 54.5)		1.4	(0.9, 2.0)	2.1	(1.3, 3.4)
Substance use related factors
Alcohol and/or tobacco use in the past 30 days					<0.01
Neither	28.1	(18.2, 37.9)	82.9	(81.2, 84.6)		1		1
Alcohol use	20.1	(9.8, 30.4)	5.9	(4.6, 7.2)		9.9	(4.6, 21.7)	8.1	(3.6, 18.3)
Tobacco use	32.2	(22.6, 41.8)	9.4	(8.0, 10.8)		10.2	(5.9, 17.5)	6.0	(3.4, 10.6)
Alcohol and tobacco use	19.6	(11.4, 27.9)	1.8	(1.0, 2.6)		33.0	(16.8, 65.0)	16.9	(7.4, 38.4)
Past 30-day use of drugs other than cannabis					<0.01
No	87.6	(78.4, 96.7)	98.7	(98.1, 99.4)		1		1
Yes	12.4	(3.3, 21.6)	1.3	(0.6, 1.9)		10.7	(4.0, 28.2)	2.6	(0.7, 9.3)
Health and pregnancy related factors
Trimester of pregnancy					<0.01
First	54.4	(45.6, 63.3)	31.0	(27.7, 34.4)		2.5	(1.6, 4.1)	1.7	(1.1, 2.9)
Second	22.6	(14.3, 31.0)	35.8	(33.0, 39.0)		0.9	(0.5, 1.6)	1.0	(0.5, 1.9)
Third	23.0	(14.7, 31.2)	33.2	(30.4, 36.1)		1		1
Self-reported health status					<0.01
Excellent to good	88.0	(80.9, 95.1)	95.2	(94.0, 96.3)		1		1
Fair to Poor	12.0	(4.9, 19.1)	4.8	(3.7, 6.0)		2.7	(1.3, 5.5)	1.3	(0.5, 3.3)
Past 12-months MDE^d					<0.01
No	83.5	(75.8, 91.2)	93.5	(92.3, 94.8)		1		1
Yes	16.5	(8.8, 24.2)	6.5	(5.2, 7.7)		2.9	(1.6, 5.4)	1.6	(0.8, 3.5)
Risk perception of weekly cannabis use					<0.01
Any risk	31.1	(21.4, 40.7)	81.1	(78.7, 83.4)		1		1
No risk	68.9	(59.3, 78.6)	18.9	(16.6, 21.3)		9.0	(5.3, 15.3)	6.0	(3.4, 10.7)
Year of the survey					<0.01
2015	19.8	(12.7, 27.0)	33.9	(31.4, 36.4)		1		1
2016	31.4	(19.3, 43.4)	33.5	(31.3, 35.8)		1.6	(0.9, 3.0)	1.8	(0.9, 3.9)
2017	48.8	(37.3, 60.4)	32.6	(29.9, 35.2)		2.6	(1.6, 4.0)	2.1	(1.2, 3.6)

Notes: ^aUnweighted number; ^bEstimates from weighted analyses; ^cFederal Poverty Threshold; ^dMajor Depressive Episode as defined by DSM-IV.

Table 4 Characteristics of the Study Sample by Mean Number of Days of Cannabis Use in the Past 30 Days and Modeled Number of Days of Cannabis Use in the Past 30 Days Among US Pregnant Women (n=2,247). Results of Negative Binomial Regression Models. National Survey of Drug Use and Health, 2015–2017

Characteristics	Number of Days of Cannabis Use in the Past 30 Days						Frequency of Past 30-Day Cannabis Use in the Total Sample
	Total Sample			Past 30-Day Users
Sample Size and Mean^b (95% CI)	n = 2,247^a			n = 152^a			IRR	95% CI	^aIRR	95% CI
	0.8	(0.6, 1.1)		15.6	(13.5, 17.7)
	Mean^b	(95% CI)		Mean^b	(95% CI)
Socio-demographic factors
Age group (years old)			<0.01			<0.01
14 to 17	1.1	(−0.2, 2.3)		9.2	(1.6, 16.7)		4.2	(1.2,14.7)	0.8	(0.3, 2.2)
18 to 29	1.2	(0.8, 1.7)		15.5	(12.7, 18.3)		3.8	(2.2, 6.7)	2.7	(1.3, 5.4)
30 to 44	0.6	(0.4, 0.9)		16.3	(13.5, 19.0)		1		1
Self-identified race/ethnicity			<0.01			<0.01
Non-Hispanic White	0.8	(0.4, 1.1)		14.2	(11.3, 17.2)		1		1
Non-Hispanic Black	1.8	(0.8, 2.9)		18.3	(14.0, 22.6)		2.1	(1.2, 5.5)	1.3	(0.8, 3.5)
Non-Hispanic Other	0.7	(−0.0, 1.5)		16.1	(5.1, 27.2)		0.7	(0.2, 2.2)	0.8	(0.3, 2.2)
Hispanic	0.4	(0.2, 0.5)		15.4	(10.6, 20.2)		0.5	(0.2, 1.0)	0.5	(0.2, 1.3)
Population density			<0.01			<0.01
Large metropolitan	0.7	(0.3, 1.0)		14.6	(10.8, 18.3)		1.9	(1.0, 3.4)	2.2	(1.0, 4.9)
Small metropolitan	1.1	(0.7, 1.4)		17.3	(14.2, 20.4)		2.2	(0.8, 6.0)	0.6	(0.2, 1.8)
Non-metropolitan	0.9	(0.2, 1.7)		12.2	(4.9, 19.5)		1		1
Poverty level			<0.01			<0.01
Living in poverty	0.2	(0.7, 1.4)		14.2	(10.9, 17.4)		2.0	(1.2, 3.5)	2.9	(1.5, 5.7)
Income up to 2X FPT^c	0.4	(0.5, 2.1)		16.6	(12.5, 20.8)		2.3	(1.0, 5.1)	0.7	(0.3, 1.6)
Income more than 2X FPT	0.1	(0.4, 0.8)		16.1	(13.0, 19.2)		1		1
Residence in medical marijuana legalized state
No	0.7	(0.4, 1.0)		15.6	(12.7, 18.5)		1		1
Yes	1.0	(0.7, 1.3)		15.7	(13.2, 18.1)		1.1	(0.7, 1.7)	1.6	(0.8, 3.2)
Substance use related factors
Alcohol and/or tobacco use in the past 30 days			<0.01			<0.01
Neither	0.3	(0.1, 0.4)		15.7	(11.5, 19.9)		1		1
Alcohol use	1.7	(0.4, 3.0)		10.6	(5.4, 15.9)		8.8	(3.1, 25.2)	7.4	(3.1, 18.1)
Tobacco use	2.4	(1.5, 3.3)		14.8	(12.0, 17.7)		13.0	(5.6, 28.6)	11.7	(4.7, 29.5)
Alcohol and tobacco use	8.3	(4.2, 12.5)		22.0	(18.0, 26.1)		36.0	(14.3, 91.4)	39.4	(16.1, 96.7)
Past 30-day use of drugs other than cannabis
No	0.7	(0.5. 0.9)		15.3	(13.3, 17.3)		1		1
Yes	6.5	(1.8, 11.3)		18.2	(12.7, 23.7)		8.2	(3.8, 17.7)	4.9	(1.3, 18.2)
Health and pregnancy related factors
Trimester of pregnancy			<0.01			<0.01
First	1.4	(1.0, 1.9)		16.0	(13.7, 18.4)		3.1	(1.6, 6.1)	2.8	(1.1, 6.9)
Second	0.6	(0.3, 0.8)		16.3	(12.4, 20.3)		1.6	(0.8, 3.3)	3.2	(1.3, 7.9)
Third	0.5	(0.2, 0.9)		14.5	(9.8, 19.1)		1		1
Self-reported health status
Excellent to good	0.8	(0.6, 1.0)		15.4	(13.4, 17.5)		1		1
Fair to Poor	2.1	(0.4, 3.7)		17.0	(11.7, 22.3)		2.4	(1.1, 5.2)	1.3	(0.4, 4.3)
Past 12-months MDE^d			<0.01			<0.01
No	0.8	(0.6, 1.0)		16.0	(14.1, 17.9)		1		1
Yes	1.8	(0.7, 2.8)		13.9	(9.7, 18.2)		2.0	(1.1, 3.6)	2.1	(0.8, 5.9)
Risk perception of weekly cannabis use
Any risk	0.3	(0.1, 0.4)		12.4	(8.7, 16.1)		1		1
No risk	2.9	(2.1, 3.7)		17.1	(15.2, 19.0)		10	(6.0, 17.7)	23.4	(10.8, 50.7)
Year of the survey			<0.01			<0.01
2015	0.3	(0.2, 0.4)		9.7	(6.0, 13.4)		1		1
2016	0.9	(0.5, 1.4)		18.2	(14.3, 22.0)		2.9	(1.6, 5.4)	9.7	(3.3, 28.3)
2017	1.3	(0.8, 1.8)		16.4	(13.3, 19.5)		4.1	(2.5, 6.8)	4.4	(2.6, 7.5)

Notes: ^aUnweighted number; ^bWeigthed mean; ^cFederal Poverty Threshold; ^dMajor Depressive Episode as defined by DSM-IV.