Prevalence and Associated Factors of Antenatal Depressive Symptoms in Pregnant Women Living in an Urban Area of Thailand

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Women and Association with Depressive Symptoms

Characteristics	Total (n=402)		Antenatal Depression				p-value
			Depression		No Depression
			(CES-D Score ≥ 19)		(CES-D Score < 19)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Total	402	100	76	18.9	326	81.1
Age (years)
20–24	83	20.6	16	19.3	67	80.7	0.997
25–29	119	29.6	22	18.5	97	81.5
30–34	106	26.4	21	19.8	85	80.2
35–39	70	17.4	13	18.6	57	81.4
≥40	24	6	4	16.7	20	83.3
Marital Status
Unmarried	69	17.2	16	23.2	53	76.8	<0.001
Married	317	78.9	51	16.1	266	83.9
Divorced	16	4	9	56.3	7	43.8
Educational Status
Elementary school	25	6.2	5	20	20	80	0.286
High school	163	40.5	38	23.3	125	76.7
Diploma’s degree	64	15.9	10	15.6	54	84.4
Bachelor’s degree	150	37.3	23	15.3	127	84.7
Occupation
Student	15	3.7	3	20	12	80	0.429
Company Employee	198	49.3	35	17.7	163	82.3
housekeeper	57	14.2	15	26.3	42	73.7
Government employee	33	8.2	3	9.1	30	90.9
Business owner	56	13.9	10	17.9	46	82.1
Unemployed	43	10.7	10	23.3	33	76.7
Family income (THB)
≤ 20,000	209	52.0	48	23.0	161	77.0	0.030
>20,000	193	48.0	28	14.5	165	85.5
Financial insufficiency
No	122	30.3	83	68	39	32	<0.001
Yes	280	69.7	243	86.8	37	13.2
Type of family
Nuclear family	287	71.4	40	13.9	247	86.1	<0.001
Extended family	115	28.6	36	31.3	79	68.7
Habitation
Detached House	145	36.1	27	18.6	118	81.4	0.459
Apartment/Flat	116	28.9	26	22.4	90	77.6
Townhouse	118	35.1	23	16.3	118	83.7
Underlying disease
No	369	91.8	71	19.2	298	80.8	0.565
Yes	33	8.2	5	15.2	28	84.8
Husband’s Educational Status
Elementary school	42	10.4	7	16.7	35	83.3	0.074
High school	182	45.3	43	23.6	139	76.4
Diploma’s degree	71	17.7	14	19.7	57	80.3
Bachelor’s degree	107	26.6	12	11.2	95	88.8
Husband’s Occupation
Company Employee	257	63.9	46	17.9	211	82.1	0.137
Business owner	71	17.7	12	16.9	59	83.1
Government employee	63	15.7	13	20.6	50	79.4
Unemployed	11	2.7	5	45.5	6	54.5
Gravida
Primiparity	117	29.1	17	14.5	100	85.5	0.142
Multiparity	285	70.9	59	20.7	226	79.3
Gestational Age
First Trimester	59	14.7	8	13.6	51	86.4	0.497
Second Trimester	132	32.8	25	18.9	107	81.1
Third Trimester	211	52.5	43	20.4	168	79.6
Previous Abortion
No	312	77.6	52	16.7	260	83.3	0.033
Yes	90	22.4	24	26.7	66	73.3
Previous pregnancy Complications
No	237	59.0	44	18.6	193	81.4	0.044
Yes	48	11.9	15	31.3	33	68.8
Current pregnancy complications
No	326	81.3	56	17.2	270	82.8	0.067
Yes	76	18.9	20	26.3	56	73.7
Alcohol Use
No	328	81.6	57	17.4	271	83.1	0.03
Current use	13	3.2	6	46.2	7	53.8
Previous use	61	15.2	13	21.3	48	78.7
Tobacco Use
No	368	91.5	63	17.1	305	82.9	0.009
Current use	4	1	2	50	2	50
Previous use	30	7.5	11	36.7	19	63.3
Substance abuse
No	395	98.3	71	18	324	82	0.002
Current use	4	1	3	75	1	25
Previous use	3	0.7	2	66.7	1	33.3
Marital conflict
No	306	76.1	34	11.1	272	88.9	<0.001
Yes	98	23.9	42	43.8	54	56.3
Family conflict
No	354	88.1	53	15	301	85	<0.001
Yes	48	11.9	23	47.9	25	52.1

Note: Data are presented as number (%).

Abbreviation: THB, Thai baht.

Table 2 Univariate and Multiple Logistic Regression Analyses of Factors Associated with Depression in Pregnant Women

Factors	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
	OR^a	95% CI	p-value	AOR^b	95% CI	p-value
Marital Status
Unmarried	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Married	1.6	(0.84–2.97)	0.161	1.1	(0.51–2.56)	0.755
Divorced	6.7	(2.39–18.82)	<0.001	2.3	(0.57–9.59)	0.237
Family income (THB)
≤ 20,000	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
>20,000	1.8	(1.05–2.94)	0.032	1.2	(0.60–2.42)	0.594
Financial insufficiency
No	1.00	Reference		1.0	Reference
Yes	3.09	(1.85–5.16)	<0.001	1.7	(0.87–3.38)	0.117
Type of family
Nuclear family	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Extended family	2.8	(1.68–4.72)	<0.001	3.0	(1.59–5.51)	0.001
Previous Abortion
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Yes	1.8	(1.05–3.16)	0.034	1.9	(0.98–3.86)	0.059
Previous pregnancy Complications
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Yes	2.2	(1.04–4.80)	0.040	2.2	(0.83–5.76)	0.114
Alcohol use
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Currently use	4.1	(1.32–12.58)	0.015	1.6	(0.33–7.95)	0.561
Previous use	1.3	(0.66–2.53)	0.464	0.7	(0.25–1.91)	0.481
Tobacco use
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Currently use	4.8	(0.67–35.02)	0.118	0.7	(0.07–8.01)	0.797
Previous use	2.8	(1.27–6.18)	0.011	1.5	(0.45–5.19)	0.498
Substance abuse
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Currently use	13.7	(1.40–133.54)	0.024	8.6	(0.55–134.24)	0.124
Previous use	9.1	(0.82–102.04)	0.073	2.6	(0.16–41.59)	0.503
Marital conflict
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Yes	6.2	(3.63–10.66)	<0.001	4.7	(2.37–9.11)	<0.001
Family conflict
No	1.0	Reference		1.0	Reference
Yes	5.2	(2.76–9.88)	<0.001	2.1	(0.95–4.74)	0.068

Notes: ^aCrude OR estimated by binary logistic regression. ^bAOR estimated by multiple logistic regression.

Abbreviations: THB, Thai baht; OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.