Determinants of Frequency and Contents of Postnatal Care Among Women in Ezha District, Southern Ethiopia, 2020: Based on WHO Recommendation

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents in Ezha District, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020

Variables	Categories	n(%)
Age (in years) (n=556)	<20	20(3.6)
	20–34	440(79.1)
	35+	96(17.3)
Marital status (n=556)	Married	518(93.2)
	Married but separated	38(6.8)
Maternal Educational status (n=556)	No formal education	232(41.7)
	Primary education	166(29.9)
	Secondary education	122(21.9)
	College and above	36(6.5)
Ethnicity (n=556)	Gurage	518(93.2)
	Amhara	21(3.8)
	Others*	17(3.0)
Religion (n=556)	Orthodox	275(49.5)
	Muslim	243(43.7)
	Protestant	38(6.8)
Maternal occupation (n=556)	Housewife	392(70.5)
	Merchant	113(20.3)
	Daily laborer	40(7.2)
	Civil servant	11(2.0)
Husband Educational status(n=518)	No formal education	176(34.0)
	Primary education	189(36.5)
	Secondary education	91(17.6)
	College and above	62(11.9)
Husband occupation(n=518)	Farmer	372(71.8)
	Merchant	116(22.4)
	Civil servant	20(3.9)
	Daily laborer	10(1.9)
Family size(n=556)	<5	283(50.9)
	≥5	273(49.1)
Wealth index in quintiles(n=556)	Lowest	122(21.9)
	Second	113(20.3)
	Middle	107(19.2)
	Fourth	110(19.8)
	Highest	104(18.7)

Note: *Wolaita, Gammo, Hadiya.

Table 2 Obstetric Characteristics of Respondents in Ezha District, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020

Variables(n=556)	Categories	n(%)
Parity	Primiparous	87(15.6)
	Multiparous	280(50.4)
	Grand multiparous	189(34.0)
Previous history of neonatal death	Yes	45(8.1)
	No	511(91.9)
Desire on last pregnancy	Planned	348(62.6)
	Unplanned	208(37.4)
ANC visits	No	60(10.8)
	One visit	165(29.7)
	Two visits	94(16.9)
	Three visits	113(20.3)
	Four and more visits	124(22.3)
Place of delivery	Health center	421(75.7)
	Hospital	115(20.7)
	Health post	20(3.6)
Mode of delivery	Cesarean delivery	41(7.4)
	Instrumental delivery	53(9.5)
	Spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD)	462(83.1)

Figure 1 Danger signs reported by respondents during their last pregnancy in Ezha district, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020 (n=149).

Figure 2 Reasons for non-compliance with the prescribed PNC visit schedules among respondents in Ezha District, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020 (n=447).

Table 3 Determinants of Frequency of Postnatal Care of Women in Ezha District, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020

Variables Categories	PNC Frequency		COR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)	p-value
	1–2 Visits	≥3 Visits
Mother’s education level(n=556)
No formal education	209(46.7)	23(21.1)	1	1	1
Primary education	131(29.3)	35(32.1)	2.43(1.37,4.29)*	1.29(0.62,2.68)	0.486
Secondary education	85(19.1)	37(33.9)	3.95(2.22,7.05)*	2.30(1.12,4.75)**	0.024
College and above	22(4.9)	14(12.9)	5.78(2.60,12.82)*	4.34(2.24,10.67)**	0.007
Husband Educational level(n=518)
No formal education	148(35.5)	28(27.8)	1	1	1
Primary education	158(37.9)	31(30.7)	1.04(0.59,1.81)*	0.68(0.34,1.37)	0.283
Secondary education	65(15.6)	26(25.7)	2.11(1.15,3.88)*	1.25(0.58,2.68)	0.573
College and above	46(11.0)	16(15.8)	1.84(0.91,3.69)*	1.07(0.45,2.56)	0.877
Husband occupation (n=518)
Daily laborer	5(1.2)	5(4.9)	1
Farmer	323(77.6)	49(48.0)	0.15(0.06,1.83)
Private business work	79(19.0)	37(36.3)	0.46(0.19,2.64)
Government employee	9(2.2)	11(10.8)	1.22(0.39,4.56)
Wealth index(n=556)
Lowest	106(23.7)	16(14.7)	1	1	1
Second	88(19.7)	25(22.9)	1.88(0.94,3.74)*	2.24(0.94,5.34)	0.068
Middle	86(19.2)	21(19.3)	1.62(0.79,3.29)*	1.56(0.64,3.82)	0.327
Fourth	79(17.7)	31(28.4)	2.60(1.33,5.08)*	2.11(0.87,5.44)	0.073
Highest	88(19.7)	16(14.7)	1.20(0.57,2.54)*	1.35(0.53,3.41)	0.527
Family size(n=556)
≥5	233(52.1)	40(36.7)	1	1	1
<5	214(47.9)	69(63.3)	1.88(1.22, 2.89)*	0.91(0.48,1.70)	0.768
Planning status of last pregnancy (n=556)
Unplanned	178(39.8)	30(27.5)	1	1	1
Planned	269(60.2)	79(72.5)	1.74(1.09.2.76)*	0.72(0.37,1.41)	0.336
Number of ANC visits(n=556)
≤ one visit	210(47.0)	15(13.8)	1	1
Two visits	77(17.2)	17(15.6)	3.09(1.47,6.49)*	1.84(0.76,4.48)	0.178
Three visits	82(18.3)	31(28.4)	5.29(2.71,10.31)*	2.74(1.22,6.17)**	0.015
Four or more	78(17.5)	46(42.2)	8.25(4.36,15.63)*	4.23(1.93,8.85)**	0.000
Parity(n=556)
Grand multiparous	169(37.8)	20(18.4)	1	1	1
Multiparous	219(49.0)	61(55.9)	2.35(1.37,4.05)*	1.57(0.74,3.31)	0.234
Primiparous	59(13.2)	28(25.7)	4.01(2.1,7.65)*	1.49(0.59,3.75)	0.396
Mode of delivery(n=556)
SVD	379(84.8)	83(76.2)	1	1	1
Instrumental	39(8.7)	14(12.8)	1.64(0.85,3.15)*	0.67(0.28,1.6)	0.368
C/S	29(6.5)	12(11.0)	1.89(0.92,3.85)*	0.82(0.32,2.12)	0.688
Knowledge of PNC(n=556)
Not knowledgeable	245(54.8)	24(22.1)	1	1	1
Knowledgeable	202(45.2)	85(77.9)	4.29(2.63,7.01)*	3.18(1.72,5.87)**	0.001
Time To reach nearby HF(n=556)
Far (>1hr)	168(37.6)	27(24.8)	1	1	1
Close (≤1hr)	279(62.4)	82(75.2)	1.83(1.14,2.94)*	1.87(0.87,3.62)	0.061
Membership in CBHI scheme(n=556)
No	190(42.5)	15(13.8)	1	1	1
Yes	257(57.5)	94(86.2)	4.63(2.60,8.24)*	4.81(2.38,8.73)**	0.000
Being MHH(n=556)
No	269(60.2)	18(16.5)	1	1	1
Yes	178(39.8)	91(83.5)	7.64(4.45,13.1)*	3.33(1.75,6.35)**	0.001

Notes: *Statistically significant at p-value <0.25, **Statistically significant at p-value <0.05, 1: reference category.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio.

Figure 3 Percentages of respondents getting each WHO-recommended contents of care during PNC visit in Ezha district, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020 (n=556).

Table 4 Results of the Multivariable Generalized Linear Regression Analysis with Poisson Log Link to Identify the Determinants of Utilization of Contents of PNC Visits Among Respondents in, Ezha District, Southern Ethiopia, March 1–30, 2020

Respondents’ Characteristics	Mean of Number of PNC Items	P-value	AOR(95% CI)
Maternal age(n=556)
35+	5.2	0.046^a	1
20–34	5.1		0.90(0.80,1.01)
<20	5.3		0.95(0.74,1.22)
Marital status(n=556)
Divorced	4.9	0.416^a
Unmarried	4.5
Married	5.2
Mother’s education level(n=556)
No formal education	4.9	0.001^a	1
Primary education	5.0		0.94(0.85,1.04)
Secondary education	5.6		1.01(0.91,1.13)
College and above	6.6		1.01(0.85,1.18)
Husband Educational level(n=518)
No formal education	5.1	0.851^a
Primary education	5.0
Secondary education	5.4
College and above	5.4
Husband occupation (n=518)
Daily laborer	6.2	0.001^a	1
Farmer	5.0		0.91(0.70,1.18)
Private business work	5.4		0.93(0.71,1.21)
Government employee	6.5		0.97(0.70,1.33)
Wealth index(n=556)
Lowest	5.0	0.268^a
Second	5.4
Middle	4.9
Fourth	5.3
Highest	5.1
Family size(n=556)
≥5	5.1	0.074^b
<5	5.2
Number of ANC visits(n=556)
≤ one visit	4.6	0.000^a
Two visits	5.2		1.06(0.94,1.19)
Three visits	5.6		1.1(0.98,1.23)
Four or more	6.1		1.25(1.15,1.35)
Parity(n=556)
Grand multiparous	4.9	0.144^a
Multiparous	5.2
Primiparous	5.5
Mode of delivery(n=556)
SVD	5.0	0.001^a	1
Instrumental	5.9		1.09(0.95,1.24)
C/S	6.2		1.04(0.90,1.21)
Frequency of PNC visit(n=556)
Three and more visits	7.3	0.000^b	1
Two visits	4.6		0.88(0.83,1.02)
One visits	4.6		0.64(0.57,0.73)
Knowledge of PNC(n=556)
Not knowledgeable	4.7	0.000^b	1
Knowledgeable	5.6		1.08(0.99,1.17)
Time To reach nearby HF(n=556)
Far (≥30min)	5.1	0.380^b
Close (<30min)	5.2
Being MHH(n=556)
No	4.9	0.001^b
Yes	5.5		0.91(0.83,1.12)
Being a member of CBHI (n=556)
Yes	5.8	0.000^b	1
No	4.0		0.69(0.64,0.75)

Notes: 1: Reference category; p-values with ^aIndicates descriptive analysis by using ONE WAY ANOVA, and p-value with ^bIndicates independent t-test analysis.

Abbreviation: AOR, adjusted odds ratio.