Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization in female victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence in Maputo City, Mozambique

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics, socioeconomics, and life-style characteristics of women

Characteristics	Psychological (n = 1433)		Physical (n = 1432)		Sexual (n = 1433)		Injury (n = 1432)
	Yes (%)	No (%)	Yes (%)	No (%)	Yes (%)	No (%)	Yes (%)	No (%)
Age (years)	P = 0.398		P = 0.120		P = 0.626		P < 0.0001
Mean ± SD	28.7 ± 8.1	28.8 ± 8.7	28.7 ± 7.9	29.5 ± 8.8	28.6 ± 7.9	29.6 ± 8.7	29.6 ± 7.7	28.8 ± 8.7
Marital status	(n = 1405)	P < 0.0001	(n = 1404)	P < 0.0001	(n = 1405)	P < 0.0001	(n = 1404)	P < 0.0001
Single	489 (53)	251 (51)	388 (51)	352 (55)	390 (54)	350 (51)	209 (43)	531 (57)
Married/cohabitant	302 (33)	103 (21)	253 (34)	151 (23)	230 (32)	175 (25)	174 (36)	230 (25)
Divorced/separated	88 (10)	90 (18)	86 (11)	92 (14)	68 (10)	110 (16)	75 (16)	103 (11)
Widow	36 (4)	46 (10)	32 (4)	50 (8)	26 (4)	56 (8)	22 (5)	60 (7)
Children at home	(n = 1348)	P = 0.171	(n = 1347)	P = 0.501	(n = 1348)	P = 0.988	(n = 1347)	P = 0.252
Yes	649 (73)	352 (77)	554 (75)	446 (73)	513 (74)	488 (74)	397 (85)	603 (68)
No	239 (27)	108 (13)	185 (25)	162 (27)	178 (26)	169 (26)	71 (15)	276 (32)
Housing	(n = 1408)	P = 0.667	(n = 1407)	P = 0.897	(n = 1408)	P = 0.337	(n = 1407)	P = 0.01
Conventionala	787 (86)	411 (84)	650 (85)	547 (85)	615 (86)	583 (85)	398 (82)	799 (87)
Nonconventionalb	134 (14)	76 (16)	116 (15)	94 (15)	104 (14)	106 (15)	89 (18)	121 (13)
Education	(n = 1433)	P = 0.001	(n = 1432)	P = 0.397	(n = 1433)	P = 0.090	(n = 1432)	P = 0.356
Noc	45 (5)	46 (9)	43 (6)	48 (7)	37 (5)	54 (7)	34 (7)	57 (6)
Lowd	236 (25)	148 (30)	206 (26)	178 (28)	185 (26)	199 (29)	145 (30)	239 (26)
Intere	519 (56)	241 (49)	427 (55)	333 (51)	399 (55)	361 (52)	252 (51)	508 (54)
Highf	131 (14)	57 (12)	98 (13)	89 (14)	105 (14)	83 (12)	59 (12)	128 (14)
Occupational status	(n = 1433)	P = 0.314	(n = 1432)	P = 0.744	(n = 1433)	P = 0.901	(n = 1432)	P < 0.0001
Blue-collar worker	504 (56)	294 (62)	440 (59)	358 (57)	403 (57)	395 (58)	300 (64)	498 (55)
Low white-collar worker	47 (5)	18 (4)	35 (5)	30 (5)	35 (5)	30 (4)	23 (5)	42 (5)
Middle/high white-collar worker	103 (11)	50 (10)	86 (12)	67 (10)	82 (12)	71 (11)	67 (14)	86 (9)
Student/other	249 (28)	116 (24)	187 (25)	177 (28)	182 (26)	183 (27)	78 (17)	286 (31)
Socioeconomic status	(n = 1417)	P = 0.114	(n = 1416)	P = 0.117	(n = 1417)	P = 0.111	(n = 1416)	P < 0.0001
Work for othersg	320 (34)	145 (30)	277 (36)	188 (29)	264 (37)	201 (29)	197 (40)	268 (29)
Liberal/own businessh	149 (16)	99 (20)	124 (16)	124 (20)	118 (16)	130 (19)	87 (18)	161 (17)
Student	251 (27)	115 (24)	190 (24)	175 (27)	184 (25)	182 (26)	80 (16)	285 (31)
Domestic/otheri	210 (23)	128 (26)	183 (24)	155 (24)	159 (22)	179 (26)	126 (26)	212 (23)
Salary/financial resources	(n = 1386)	P = 0.655	(n = 1386)	P = 0.202	(n = 1386)	P = 0.063	(n = 1386)	P < 0.0001
Yes	424 (46)	213 (45)	362 (48)	275 (44)	344 (48)	293 (43)	256 (53)	381 (42)
No	490 (54)	259 (55)	400 (52)	349 (56)	376 (52)	382 (57)	224 (47)	525 (58)
Financial strain	(n = 1405)	P = 0.102	(n = 1404)	P = 0.812	(n = 1405)	P = 0.368	(n = 1404)	P = 0.012
Yes	774 (84)	420 (87)	651 (85)	542 (85)	605 (84)	589 (86)	429 (88)	764 (83)
No	149 (16)	62 (13)	117 (15)	94 (15)	114 (16)	97 (14)	57 (12)	154 (17)
BMI (n)	(n = 1316)	P = 0.734	(n = 1315)	P = 0.120	(n = 1316)	P = 0.569	(n = 1315)	P = 0.185
Mean ± SD	25 ± 4.6	24.5 ± 4.8	25.1 ± 4.6	24.5 ± 4.8	24.9 ± 4.5	24.7 ± 4.9	25.4 ± 4.7	24.5 ± 4.7
Alcohol use	(n = 1412)	P = 0.018	(n = 1432)	P = 0.009	(n = 1433)	P < 0.001	(n = 1432)	P = 0.009
Yes	364 (40)	156 (31)	310 (41)	210 (33)	300 (42)	220 (32)	205 (42)	315 (34)
No	558 (60)	334 (69)	456 (59)	435 (67)	419 (58)	473 (68)	281 (58)	610 (66)
Cigarette use	(n = 1402)	P = 0.587	(n = 1401)	P = 0.066	(n = 1402)	P = 0.003	(n = 1398)	P < 0.0001
Yes	71 (7)	34 (9)	66 (8)	39 (6)	68 (9)	37 (5)	57 (12)	48 (5)
No	843 (93)	454 (91)	721 (92)	575 (94)	645 (91)	652 (95)	426 (88)	870 (95)

Notes:

a Housing in cement;

b Housing in local material, eg, mud, wood;

c Cannot read/write;

d Primary school/similar;

e Secondary school/similar;

f University/similar;

g eg, clerks;

h eg, accountants;

i At home/unemployed.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Mean/SD for SCL-90-R (symptoms of depression, anxiety, and somatization) among women victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence by type (psychological aggression, physical assault, sexual coercion, and injury) within/above psychiatric outpatient norms (POPN)

Variables	Psychological (n = 1431)		Physical (n = 1429)		Sexual (n = 1431)		Injury (n = 1431)		POPN (n = 577)
	Yesa	Nob	Yesa	Nob	Yesa	Nob	Yesa	Nob
	n	n	n	n	n	n	n	n
Victims (n)	(1421)		(1421)		(1421)		(1421)
Depression	930; P < 0.0001	491	773; P < 0.0001	648	725; P < 0.0001	696	489; P < 0.0001	932
Mean (SD)	1.3 (0.875)	1.1 (0.900)	1.4 (0.847)	1.0 (0.909)	1.3 (0.889)	1.1 (0.878)	1.4 (0.878)	1.1 (0.879)	1.94 ± 0.93
Anxiety	930; P = 0.0012	491	773; P = 0.0001	648	725; P < 0.0001	696	489; P < 0.0001	932
Mean (SD)	1.0 (0.877)	0.856 (0.898)	1.1 (0.879)	0.835 (0.893)	1.1 (0.897)	0.851 (0.864)	1.1 (0.896)	0.874 (0.870)	1.59 ± 0.90
Somatization	930; P = 0.002	491	773; P = 0.0001	648	725; P = 0.0001	696	489; P < 0.0001	932
Mean (SD)	0.854 (0.688)	0.709 (0.691)	0.884 (0.681)	0.708 (0.694)	0.875 (0.689)	0.730 (0.686)	0.933 (0.694)	0.736 (0.682)	0.99 ± 0.78
Perpetrators (n)	(1421)		(1420)		(1421)		(1421)
Depression	910; P = 0.0269	511	542; P = 0.0028	878	557; P = 0.00816	864	321; P < 0.0001	1100
Mean (SD)	1.2 (0.894)	1.1 (0.936)	1.3 (0.872)	1.1. (0.928)	1.2 (0.875)	1.2 (0.933)	1.3 (0.799)	1.0 (0.824)	1.94 ± 0.93
Anxiety	910; P = 0.0138	511	542; P < 0.0001	878	557; P = 0.0004	864	321; P < 0.0001	1100
Mean (SD)	1.0 (0.864)	0.880 (0.933)	1.1 (0.846)	0.879 (0.908)	1.1 (0.870)	0.890 (0.899)	1.3 (0.840)	0.868 (0.886)	1.59 ± 0.90
Somatization	910; P = 0.0076	511	542; P = 0.0008	878	557; P = 0.0017	864	321; P < 0.0001	1100
Mean (SD)	0.837 (0.674)	0.734 (0.738)	0.879 (0.667)	0.751 (0.715)	0.859 (0.665)	0.768 (0.708)	0.909 (0.604)	0.740 (0.683)	0.99 ± 0.78

Notes:

a Sustained or inflicted;

b not sustained or not inflicted.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Factors associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and somatization expressed as betas (β) and P-values among all women

	Depression		Anxiety		Somatization
Variables	β	P-values	β	P-values	β	P-values
Age	−0.027	P = 0.249	−0.008	P = 0.727	0.082	P = 0.004
Marital status
Single	1		1		1
Married/cohabitant	−0.053	P = 0.016	−0.004	P = 0.847	0.023	P = 0.407
Divorced/separated	−0.037	P = 0.081	−0.036	P = 0.092	−0.005	P = 0.843
Widow	0.017	P = 0.404	0.002	P = 0.903	−0.020	P = 0.429
Children at home	0.041	P = 0.095	−0.019	P = 0.432	−0.003	P = 0.913
Housing
Conventional	1		1		1	1
Nonconventional	0.008	P = 0.661	0.024	P = 0.195	−0.020	P = 0.390
Education level
No	0.047	P = 0.042	−0.043	P = 0.070	0.037	P = 0.200
Low	0.019	P = 0.571	−0.042	P = 0.212	0.058	P = 0.151
Inter	−0.010	0.741	−0.022	P = 0.483	0.070	P = 0.063
High	1		1		1
Occupational status
Blue-collar worker	1		1		1
Low white-collar worker	0.003	P = 0.895	−0.033	P = 0.105	0.037	P = 0.133
Middle/high white-collar worker	0.001	P = 0.976	0.024	P = 0.308	0.001	P = 0.965
Student/other	0.033	P = 0.819	−0.078	P = 0.597	−0.028	P = 0.857
Socioeconomic status
Worker for others	1		1		1
Liberal/own business	−0.019	P = 0.394	0.015	P = 0.527	0.050	P = 0.075
Student	−0.018	P = 0.904	0.063	P = 0.672	0.088	P = 0.627
Domestic/other	0.002	P = 0.944	0.001	P = 0.971	0.024	P = 0.521
Salary/financial resources	0.004	P = 0.896	−0.022	P = 0.434	0.013	P = 0.707
Financial strain	0.010	P = 0.609	−0.002	P = 0.931	−0.004	P = 0.862
BMI	0.027	P = 0.169	−0.031	P = 0.111	0.028	P = 0.248
Drinking	0.026	P = 0.170	−0.011	P = 0.576	0.005	P = 0.824
Smoking	−0.029	P = 0.141	0.051	P = 0.012	−0.031	P = 0.212
Sleep difficulties	0.067	P = 0.001	−0.006	P = 0.759	0.107	P < 0.0001
Depression	–	–	0.619	P < 0.0001	0.253	P < 0.0001
Anxiety	0.600	P < 0.0001	−	−	0.409	P < 0.0001
Somatization	0.165	P < 0.0001	0.276	P < 0.0001	–	–
Control by partner	0.174	P < 0.0001	−0.102	P < 0.0001	0.082	P = 0.005
Control over partner	−0.020	P = 0.414	0.086	P < 0.0001	−0.027	P = 0.371
Social attachment	−0.055	P = 0.011	−0.047	P = 0.030	0.056	P = 0.034
Social integration	−0.003	P = 0.887	0.001	P = 0.972	0.058	P = 0.021
Victimization	−0.032	P = 0.336	0.052	P = 0.126	−0.033	P = 0.430
Perpetration	0.028	P = 0.407	−0.065	P = 0.062	0.053	P = 0.210
Abuse as a child	0.010	P = 0.605	−0.025	P = 0.196	0.097	P < 0.0001