Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors Among Normal and Overweight Reproductive Age Women, Ethiopia: Community-Based Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Normal and Overweight Reproductive Age Women in Debre Berhan Town, 2020

Variables	Normal Weight Women n=1007	Overweight Women n=523	Total N=1530
Age
15–24	514 (51%)	102 (19.5%)	616 (40.3%)
25–34	322 (32%)	212 (40.5%)	534 (34.9%)
35–44	131 (13%)	158 (30.2%)	289 (18.9%)
45–49	40 (4%)	51 (9.8%)	91 (5.9%)
Religion
Orthodox tewahedo	948 (94.1%)	465 (88.9%)	1413 (92.3%)
Protestant	42 (4.2%)	43 (8.2%)	85 (5.6%)
Muslim	15 (1.5%)	12 (2.3%)	27 (1.8%)
Others*	2 (0.2%)	3 (0.6%)	5 (0.3%)
Ethnicity
Amhara	991 (98.5%)	507 (96.9%)	1498 (98%)
Oromo	11 (1.1%)	11 (2.1%)	22 (1.5%)
Others**	5 (0.4%)	5 (1%)	8 (0.5%)
Marital status
Married	378 (37.5%)	299 (57.2%)	677 (44%)
Single	589 (58.5%)	181 (34.6%)	770 (50.3%)
Divorced	34 (3.4%)	33 (6.3%)	67 (4.7%)
Widowed	6 (0.6%)	10 (1.9%)	16 (1%)
Educational status
No formal education	41 (4.1%)	23 (4.4%)	64 (4.2%)
Primary school	152 (15.1%)	61 (11.6%)	213 (13.9%)
Secondary school	280 (27.8%)	138 (26.4%)	418 (27.3%)
College/university	534 (53%)	301 (57.6%)	835 (54.6%)
Family monthly income
Above poverty line	779 (77.4%)	451 (86%)	1230 (80.4%)
Below poverty line	228 (22.6%)	72 (14%)	300 (19.6%)

Notes: Others*= Yehiwa miskir, Catholic & Mulu wengel, **Tigrie and Debub nation and nationalities.

Table 2 Substance Use, Physical Activity and Nutritional Status-Related Characteristics of Study Participants Among Normal and Overweight Reproductive Age Women in Debre Berhan Town, 2020

Variables	Category	Normal Weight Women N=1007	Overweight Women n=523	Total N=1530
Physical activity
	Very low	51 (5.1%)	24 (4.6%)	75 (4.9%)
	Low	174 (17.3%)	64 (12.2%)	238 (15.6%)
	Moderate	318 (31.6%)	151 (28.9%)	469 (30.6%)
	High	464 (46%)	284 (54.3%)	748 (48.9%)
Nutritional status
Daily milk product, meat and egg	Yes	287 (28.5%)	165 (16.4%)	452 (29.5%)
	No	720 (71.5%)	358 (83.6%)	1078 (70.5%)
Daily grain products	Yes	467 (46.4%)	227 (22.5%)	694 (45.5%)
	No	540 (53.6%)	296 (77.5%)	836 (54.5%)
Vegetable and fruit twice/day	Yes	564 (56%)	279 (27.7%)	843 (55%)
	No	443 (44%)	244 (72.3%)	687 (45%)
Substance history
Ever alcohol use	Yes	735 (73%)	414 (79.2%)	1149 (75.1%)
	No	272 (27%)	109 (20.8%)	381 (24.9%)
Ever smoke cigarette	Yes	2 (0.2%)	–	2 (0.01%)
	No	1005 (99.8%)	523 (100%)	991 (99.99%)
Ever use Khat	Yes	4 (0.4%)	7 (1.3%)	11 (0.01%)
	No	1003 (99.6%)	516 (98.7%)	1519 (99.99%)

Table 3 Clinical and Psycho-Social Factors-Related Characteristics of Study Participants Among Normal and Overweight Reproductive Age Women in Debre Berhan Town, 2020

Variables	Category	Normal Weight Women n=1007	Overweight Women n=523	Total N=1530
Chronic medical illness	Yes	19 (5.2%)	27 (5.2%)	46 (3%)
	No	988 (94.8%)	496 (94.8%)	1484 (97%)
Hypertension	Yes	13 (1.3%)	16 (3.1%)	29 (1.9%)
	No	994 (98.7%)	507 (96.8%)	1501 (98.1%)
Others*	Yes	6 (0.5%)	11 (1.1%)	17 (1.1%)
	No	1001 (99.5%)	996 (98.9%)	1513 (98.9%)
Abortion	Yes	45 (4.5%)	49 (9.4%)	94 (6.2%)
	No	962 (95.5%)	474 (90.6%)	1436 (93.8%)
Still birth	Yes	12 (1.2%)	19 (3.6%)	31 (2%)
	No	995 (98.8%)	504 (96.4%)	1499 (98%)
Social support	Poor	284 (28.2%)	144 (27.5%)	428 (28%)
	Moderate	582 (57.8%)	271 (51.8%)	853 (55.8%)
	Strong	141 (14%)	108 (20.7%)	249 (16.2%)
Stressful life events	Yes	135 (13.4%)	78 (14.9%)	213 (13.9%)
	No	872 (86.6%)	445 (85.1%)	1317 (86.1%)
Experienced weight stigma	Yes	58 (5.8%)	214 (40.9%)	272 (17.8%)
	No	949 (94.2%)	309 (59.1%)	1258 (82.2%)
Body image disturbance	Yes	438 (43.5%)	232 (44.4%)	670 (43.8%)
	No	569 (56.5%)	291 (55.6%)	860 (56.2%)

Notes: Others = Diabetes mellitus, HIV/AIDS and Epilepsy.

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariable Analysis Associated Factors of Depressive Symptoms Among Normal Weight Reproductive Age Women in Debre Berhan Town, 2020

Variables	Response	Depressive Symptoms N=1007		COR(95%, CI)	AOR(95%, CI)
		Yes	No
Social support	Poor	84	200	2.3 (1.35, 3.83)	1.97 (1.14, 3.4)**
	Moderate	156	426	1.98 (1.21, 3.24)	1.98 (1.19, 3.3)**
	Strong	22	119	1	1
Stressful life events	Yes	67	68	3.4 (2.36, 4.97)	3.44 (2.32, 5.1)*
	No	195	677	1	1
Experienced weight stigma	Yes	26	32	2.46 (1.43, 4.2)	2.45 (1.39, 4.32)**
	No	236	713	1	1
Body image Disturbance	Yes	150	288	2.13 (1.6, 2.83)	1.98 (1.47, 2.66)*
	No	112	457	1	1

Notes: *p-value ≤ 0.0001 (highly significant), **p-value ≤ 0.05 (significant), 1= Reference.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOD, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 5 Bivariate and Multivariable Analysis Associated Factors of Depressive Symptoms Among Overweight Women Debre Berhan Town, 2020

Variables	Category	Depressive Symptoms N=523		COR(95%, CI)	AOR(95%, CI)
		Yes	No
Age	15–24	30	72	1.1 (0.52, 2.33)	1.36 (0.6, 3.2)
	25–34	64	148	1.143 (0.58, 2.26)	1.46 (0.7, 3.18)
	35–44	64	94	1.8 (0.9, 3.595)	2.55 (1.16, 5.6)**
	45–49	14	37	1	1
Chronic medical illness	Yes	16	11	3.17 (1.44, 6.99)	2.92 (1.17, 7.2)**
	No	156	340	1	1
Stressful life events	Yes	49	29	4.42 (2.67, 7.32)	4.38 (2.54, 7.56)*
	No	123	322	1	1
Body image disturbance	Yes	103	129	2.57 (1.77, 3.74)	2.54 (1.68, 3.8)*
	No	69	222	1	1
Experienced weight stigma	Yes	99	115	2.78 (1.91, 4.1)	2.23 (1.5, 3.35)*
	No	73	236	1	1

Notes: *p-value ≤ 0.0001 (highly significant), **p-value ≤ 0.05 (significant), 1= Reference.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOD, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 6 Bivariate and Multivariable Binary Logistic Analysis Associated Factors of Depressive Symptoms Among Reproductive Age Women in Debre Berhan Town, 2020

Variables	Value	Depressive Symptoms N=1530		COR, 95% CI	AOR, 95% CI
		Yes	No
Weight status	Overweight	172	351	1.39 (1.11, 1.75)	1.34 (1.1, 1.74)**
	Normal	262	745	1	1
Chronic medical illness	Yes	27	19	3.76 (2.1, 6.84)	3.26 (1.7, 6.34)*
	No	407	1077	1	1
Social support	Poor	145	283	1.94 (1.35, 2.8)	1.8 (1.2, 2.7)**
	Moderate	237	616	1.46 (1.04, 2.05)	1.59 (1.11, 2.3)**
	Strong	52	197	1	1
Stressful life events	Yes	116	97	3.76 (2.8,5.1)	3.69 (2.7, 5)*
	No	318	999	1	1
Body image Disturbance	Yes	253	417	2.28 (1.8, 2.85)	2.3 (1.8, 2.9)*
	No	181	679	1	1

Notes: *p-value ≤ 0.0001 (highly significant), **p-value ≤ 0.05 (significant), 1= Reference.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOD, adjusted odds ratio.