Perceived Barriers in Accessing Health Care and the Risk of Pregnancy Complications in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1 Distribution of Pregnancy Complications by Background Characteristics, IDHS 2017

Background Characteristics	n	Pregnancy Complications		p-Value
		No	Yes
Problems in getting permission
No	14,118	82.7	17.3	0.13
Yes	811	80.6	19.4
Problems in getting money
No	12,630	82.8	17.2	0.11
Yes	2299	81.5	18.5
Problems in distance to health care
No	13,220	83.0	17.0	0.00
Yes	1708	79.6	20.4
Problems in going alone
No	11,693	82.8	17.2	0.39
Yes	3236	82.1	17.9
Mother’s age (years)
15–19	390	86.9	13.1	0.05
20–34	6112	82.8	17.2
35–49	8436	82.3	17.7
Marital status
Never married	23	91.3	8.7	0.54
Married	14,465	82.6	17.4
Widowed/divorced	450	82.9	17.1
Parity
4+	2451	83.2	16.8	0.08
2–3	7826	83.1	16.9
1	4661	81.6	18.4
Iron supplementation
No	8249	83.1	16.9	0.08
Yes	6689	82.0	18.0
Educational level
Primary	3848	85.3	14.7	0.00
Secondary	8458	82.2	17.9
Higher	2632	80.3	19.7
Wealth index
Poorest	3799	85.2	14.8	0.00
Poorer	2972	84.2	15.9
Middle	2848	82.5	17.5
Richer	2739	79.7	20.3
Richest	2580	80.2	19.8
Working status
Not working	7848	83.2	16.8	0.04
Working	7090	81.9	18.1
Place of residence
Rural	7496	84.4	15.6	0.00
Urban	7442	80.8	19.2

Figure 1 Distribution of no-companion barriers by province, IDHS 2017.

Figure 2 Distribution of physical barriers by province, IDHS 2017.

Figure 3 Distribution of barriers in getting permission by province, IDHS 2017.

Figure 4 Distribution of barriers in getting money by province, IDHS 2017.

Table 2 Effects of Barriers to Health Care and Other Covariates on Pregnancy Complications, IDHS 2017 (Models 1–6)

Variables/Categories	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6
Problems in getting permission
No	1		1								1
Yes	1.05	(0.84–1.33)	1.10	(0.87–1.39)							0.94	(0.73–1.21)
Problems in getting money
No	1				1						1
Yes	1.03	(0.89–1.19)			1.14	(0.99–1.32)					1.00	(0.85–1.19)
Problems in distance to health care
No	1						1				1
Yes	1.27	(1.08–1.49)**					1.43	(1.22–1.69)**			1.46	(1.20–1.77)**
Problems in having no companions
No	1								1		1
Yes	1.05	(0.92–1.19)							1.09	(0.96–1.24)	0.99	(0.86–1.13)
Mother’s age (years)
15–19			1		1		1		1		1
20–34			1.37	(0.92–2.04)	1.37	(0.92–2.04)	1.41	(0.95–2.10)	1.38	(0.93–2.05)	1.41	(0.95–2.10)
35–49			1.48	(0.98–2.23)	1.48	(0.98–2.24)	1.53	(1.01–2.31)*	1.50	(0.99–2.26)	1.53	(1.01–2.31)*
Marital status
Never married			1		1		1		1		1
Married			2.61	(0.60–11.28)	2.60	(0.60–11.36)	2.55	(0.59–11.00)	2.59	(0.60–11.26)	2.56	(0.59–11.00)
Widowed/divorced			2.41	(0.53–10.65)	2.38	(0.53–10.70)	2.37	(0.53–10.50)	2.41	(0.54–10.81)	2.37	(0.53–10.50)
Parity
3+			1		1		1		1		1
2–3			0.94	(0.81–1.11)	0.95	(0.81–1.11)	0.95	(0.81–1.11)	0.94	(0.80–1.10)	0.95	(0.81–1.11)
1			1.04	(0.86–1.27)	1.05	(0.86–1.28)	1.05	(0.86–1.28)	1.04	(0.85–1.26)	1.05	(0.86–1.28)
Iron supplementation
No			1		1		1		1		1
Yes			1.04	(0.94–1.16)	1.04	(0.94–1.16)	1.05	(0.94–1.16)	1.04	(0.94–1.16)	1.05	(0.94–1.16)
Educational level
Primary			1		1		1		1		1
Secondary			1.14	(0.99–1.31)	1.14	(0.99–1.31)	1.15	(0.99–1.32)	1.14	(0.99–1.31)	1.15	(0.99–1.32)
Higher			1.21	(1.00–1.46)*	1.22	(1.01–1.47)*	1.23	(1.02–1.48)*	1.22	(1.01–1.47)*	1.23	(1.02–1.48)*
Wealth index
Poorest			1		1		1		1		1
Poorer			1.11	(0.93–1.32)	1.12	(0.94–1.34)	1.15	(0.96–1.37)	1.11	(0.93–1.32)	1.15	(0.96–1.37)
Middle			1.30	(1.10–1.56)**	1.32	(1.11–1.58)**	1.36	(1.14–1.63)**	1.30	(1.10–1.56)**	1.36	(1.13–1.62)**
Richer			1.42	(1.19–1.71)**	1.45	(1.20–1.74)**	1.49	(1.24–1.80)**	1.42	(1.19–1.70)**	1.49	(1.24–1.80)**
Richest			1.32	(1.07–1.61)**	1.35	(1.10–1.65)**	1.38	(1.13–1.70)**	1.31	(1.07–1.61)**	1.38	(1.12–1.70)**
Working status
Not working			1		1		1		1		1
Working			1.09	(0.97–1.21)	1.09	(0.97–1.21)	1.09	(0.98–1.21)	1.09	(0.97–1.21)	1.09	(0.98–1.21)
Place of residence
Rural			1		1		1		1		1
Urban			1.11	(0.99–1.25)	1.11	(0.98–1.25)	1.11	(0.99–1.25)	1.11	(0.99–1.25)	1.11	(0.99–1.25)

Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.001.