“Anti-COVID-19” Medications, Supplements, and Mental Health Status in Indonesian Mothers with School-Age Children

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Respondents (N = 610)

Characteristic	Housewives (N = 220) N [%]	Working Mothers (N = 390) N [%]	X^2	P value
Age			11.43	0.01
18–30 y	20 [9.1]	17 [4.4]
31–40 y	133 [60.5]	209 [53.6]
41–50 y	61 [27.7]	151 [38.7]
>50 y	6 [2.7]	13 [3.3]
Location			4.0	0.046
Java Island	202 [91.8]	337 [86.4]
Other Islands	18 [8.2]	53 [13.6]
Marital			3.53	0.06
Married	214 [97.3]	366 [93.8]
Unmarried/Divorce/Widow	6 [2.7]	24 [6.2]
Education			113.57	0.000
Lower than Senior High School	12 [5.4]	3 [0.8]
Senior High School	71 [32.3]	33 [8.5]
Bachelor	123 [55.9]	204 [52.3]
Graduate degree	14 [6.4]	150 [38.4]
Family Income (in USD)			104.2	0.000
<69	74 [33.6]	19 [4.9]
69–345	90 [40.9]	159 [40.8]
346–690	30 [13.7]	133 [34.1]
>690	26 [11.8]	79 [20.2]
Family Expenses			14.954	0.001
More than income	73 [33.2]	75 [19.2]
Similar with income	102 [46.4]	215 [55.1]
Less than income	45 [20.4]	100 [25.7]

Note: Boldface p-values indicate significant differences between groups based on chi-square test.

Figure 1 DASS-21 in housewives and working mothers. (A) A total score of DASS 21 in housewives and working mothers. Mann–Whitney U-test was performed, the results showed mean ± SD. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. (B) Influences of sociodemographic factors on the mental health of housewives and working mothers. Sociodemographic factors significantly (●) and non-significantly (●) influenced respondents’ mental health: depression (D), anxiety (A), and stress (S) analyzed by Kruskal Wallis Test. A complete statistical analysis was provided in Table S3.

Table 2 Comparison of Medications and Supplements Consumption Between Housewives and Working Mothers

	Housewives		Working		Z	P value
	N	Mean ± SD	N	Mean ± SD
Medications
Not consumed	184	1.21 ± 0.51	337	1.17 ± 0.46	−0.939	0.348
Not routinely consumed	26		39
Routinely consumed	10		14
Vitamin/Minerals
Not consumed	60	2.04 ± 0.76	62	2.16 ± 0.67	−1.856	0.063
Not routinely consumed	92		205
Routinely consumed	68		123
Herbs/Natural Products
Not consumed	41	2.21 ± 0.74	144	1.82 ± 0.72	−6.311	0.000
Not routinely consumed	91		175
Routinely consumed	88		71

Notes: Boldface P values indicate significant differences between two groups based on Kruskal–Wallis test. The frequency of medications/supplements were assessed 0 = not consumed, 1 = not routinely consumed, and 3 = routinely consumed.

Figure 2 Reason, medical provider consultation, source of information, and sociodemographic effects on “anti-COVID” medications and supplementation consumption. (A) Reason for medications, vitamin/mineral supplementations, herbs/natural product supplementations of Indonesian mothers with school-age children. (B) Consultation with a health professional before consuming medications or supplementations. (C) Source of medications and supplements information. (D) Influences of sociodemographic factors on the “anti-COVID” consumption. Sociodemographic factors significantly (●) and non-significantly (●) influenced the “anti-COVID” intake analyzed by Kruskal Wallis Test. A complete statistical analysis was provided in Table S4.

Table 3 Association Between Medications or Supplementations Consumption and Mental Health State in Indonesian Mother with School-Age Children

	Medications		Vitamins/Minerals		Natural Products
	Fisher’s Exact Value	P value	Fisher’s Exact Value	P value	Fisher’s Exact Value	P value
Depression	10.568	0.121	7.698	0.218	3.296	0.836
Anxiety	11.690	0.114	4.290	0.842	8.699	0.348
Stress	7.366	0.197	1.399	0.979	7.365	0.263