Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Affecting the Development of Postpartum Acute Kidney Injury in Somalia: Single-Center Experience

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population

Factors	Frequency/Mean	Died	Survived	χ^2	P-value
Age Group (Years)
<20	7(8.9%)	2(28.6%)	5(71.4%)	9.052	0.029*
20–30	41(52%)	7(17.1%)	34(82.9%)
31–40	29(36.7%)	0(0.0%)	29(100.0%)
>40	2(2.5%)	1(50.0%)	1(50.0%)
Comorbidities
No Comorbid	65(82.3%)	10(15.4%)	55(84.6%)	2.466	0.651
Hypertension	8(10.1%)	0(0.0%)	8(100.0%)
Heart Failure	3(3.8%)	0(0.0%)	3(100.0%)
Diabetes with HTN	2(2.5%)	0(0.0%)	1(100.0%)
Hypothyroidism	1(1.3%)	0(0.0%)	2(100.0%)
Cause of Postpartum AKI
Eclampsia	19(24.1%)	1(5.3%)	18(94.7%)	19.350	0.152
Sepsis	4(5.1%)	2(50%)	2(50%)
Uterine rupture	7(8.9%)	0(0.0%)	7(100.0%)
Placenta previa	2(2.5%)	0(0.0%)	2(100%)
PPH	4(5.1%)	1(25.0%)	3(75.0%)
Intrauterine death	13(16.5%)	1(7.7%)	12(92.3%)
Hemorrhagic Shock	13(16.5%)	3(23.1%)	10(76.9%)
Placenta abruptio	7(8.9%)	0(0.0%)	7(100.0%)
Eclampsia and Sepsis	1(1.3%)	0(0.0%)	1(100.0%)
Uterine rupture Plus Hemorrhagic Shock	2(2.5%)	0(0.0%)	2(100.0%)
Eclampsia Plus Placenta previa Plus Hemorrhagic Shock	1(1.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1(100.0%)
Placenta previa Plus Intrauterine death	1(1.3%)	0 (0.0%)	1(100.0%)
Eclampsia Plus Uterine rupture	3(3.8%)	1(33.3%)	2(66.7%)
Eclampsia Plus Hemorrhagic Shock	1(1.3%)	0(0.0%)	1(100.0%)
Sepsis Plus Hemorrhagic Shock	1(1.3%)	1(100.0%)	0(0.0%)
Urine Output
Anuric	57(72.15%)	7(25.9)	20(74.1)	2.1	0.67
Oliguric	24(27.84%)	3(5.8)	49(94.2)
Duration of stay
5 days		7(30.43)	16(69.56)	9.5	0.009*
5–10 days	11.48±11.02	2(7.69)	24(92.30)
>10 days		1(3.33)	29(96.66)
USG
Not done	8(10.1%)	2(25.0%)	6(75.0%)	4.424	0.219
Normal Abdominal	17(21.5%)	4(23.5%)	13(76.5%)
Renal Parenchymal Disease	51(64.6%)	4(7.8%)	47(92.2%)
Unilateral/Bilateral Renal Atrophy	3(3.8%)	0(0.0%)	3(100.0%)

Note: *p values <0.05 are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: IUD, Intrauterine death; USG, ultrasound AKI acute kidney injury; PPH, postpartum hemorrhage.

Table 2 Laboratory and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population

Laboratory and Clinical Characteristics	Frequency/Mean	Died	Survived	χ2	P-value
Glucose
Hypoglycemia	109.67±53.73	2(28.6%)	5(71.4%)	2.010	0.366
Normal		6(12.5%)	42(87.5%)
Hyperglycemia		2(8.3%)	22(91.7%)
AST				0.461	0.395
Normal	216.91±445.3	2(8.7%)	21(91.3%)
Abnormal		8(14.3%)	48(85.7%)
ALT				1.950	0.145
Normal	146.29±268.77	3(7.5%)	37(92.5%)
Abnormal		7(17.9%)	32(82.1%)
Urea (mg/dL)				0.611	0.575
Normal	136.37±85.95	0(0.0%)	4(100.0%)
Abnormal		10(13.3%)	65(86.7%)
Sodium (mmol/L)				3.387	0.184
Low Sodium	129.56±13.34	8(13.6%)	51(86.4%)
Normal		1(5.6%)	17(94.4%)
High Sodium		1(50.0%)	1(50.0%)
Potassium (mmol/L)				3.016	0.221
Low Potassium	10.15±47.40	1(14.3%)	6(85.7%)
Normal		4(8.0%)	46(92.0%)
High Potassium		5(22.7%)	17(77.3%)
Uric Acid				7.626	0.022*
Low Uric acid	9.51±3.08	1(100.0%)	0(0.0%)
Normal		2(7.4%)	25(92.6%)
High Uric Acid		7(13.7%)	44(86.3%)
Albumin				0.774	0.679
Low Albumin	2.86±2.42	10(13.5%)	64(86.5%)
Normal		0(0.0%)	2(100.0%)
High Albumin		0(0.0%)	3(100.0%)
CPR				1.113	0.372
Normal	76.46±56.79	0(0.0%)	7(100.0%)
Abnormal		10(13.9%)	62(86.1%)
Platelet				8.725	0.013*
Low Platelet		4(12.9%)	27(87.1%)
Normal		3(7.1%)	39(92.9%)
High platelet		3(50.0%)	3(50.0%)

Note: *P-values < 0.05 are statistically significant.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Figure 1 Outcomes of the study population.

Figure 2 Classification of anemia according to WHO anemia classification.